Developing and Validating a Localized Burnout Scale for Higher Vocational College Counselors in Guangdong, China

Abstract

This study develops and validates a localized burnout scale for higher vocational college counselors in Guangdong, China. Existing instruments such as the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) are widely used but show cultural and contextual limitations in non-Western educational environments. To address these gaps, a three-phase research design was adopted: item generation through theoretical synthesis and expert review, pilot testing with statistical refinement, and large-scale validation with 6,622 counselors across 93 higher vocational colleges. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed a five-factor structure consisting of Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalisation, Reduced Personal Accomplishment, Work Resources and Demands Imbalance, and Role Conflict and Ambiguity. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed excellent fit indices (RMSEA < 0.08; CFI > 0.92), with high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.85–0.93). Convergent and discriminant validity were established, confirming the robustness of the instrument. The localized scale captures stressors overlooked by Western models, including ideological-political responsibilities, administrative overload, and industry-education integration. This validated tool offers education authorities a reliable framework to monitor counselor well-being, design interventions, and strengthen workforce sustainability. Methodologically, the study advances cross-cultural scale validation; practically, it supports evidence-based reforms in vocational education in China.