Urbanisation as a Factor of Flooding in Developing Countries: Experience from Makurdi, Nigeria

Abstract

Rapid urban expansion in Makurdi has significantly altered land use patterns, increasing flood vulnerability and exacerbating environmental, economic, and social risks. This study examines urbanisation as a factor of flooding by analyzing land cover changes, and the encroachment of built environments into flood-prone zones within the frame of demographic trend. A mixed-methods approach was employed in data collection. This involved spatial analysis and survey-based assessments to provide a multidimensional perspective on urbanization-driven flood risk. Findings indicate that unregulated urban sprawl, deforestation, impervious surface expansion, and inadequate drainage infrastructure are key contributors to increasing flood frequency and severity. Poor enforcement of zoning laws, ineffective land use planning, and socio-economic disparities further exacerbate the problem, leaving vulnerable communities disproportionately affected. Additionally, climate change-induced variations in rainfall patterns intensify flood hazards, highlighting the need for proactive risk management strategies. To mitigate these risks, this study recommends a multi-pronged approach, including enforcing stringent zoning and land-use policies, investing in flood-resilient infrastructure, and adopting nature-based solutions such as wetland restoration and sustainable drainage systems. Furthermore, strengthening early warning systems, enhancing community awareness, and integrating flood resilience measures into urban planning frameworks are critical for sustainable urban development. By adopting an integrated and science-driven approach, policymakers and urban planners can improve adaptive capacity, minimize flood-related losses, and ensure long-term resilience in the Benue.