90 Articles
Neelam
Methods: Quasi-experimental time series research design was adopted. Two special schools for children with IDD were randomly selected and assigned to experimental and control group. Total 160 parents of children with mild and moderate IDD were chosen by using a computerized- randomization table process and were allocated to experiment and control group. Structured interview was conducted and information regarding socio demographic variables and pretest data on parental self-efficacy and mental wellbeing and Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS) was collected from participants in experiment and control group at 1st month. It was followed by twelve interactive sessions spread over 3-months, with weekly sessions for parents in the experimental group. Posttest data of child’s adaptive behavior, parental self- efficacy and mental well-being was collected at 6th, 9th, and 12th months from both groups.
Bryan C. Ibañez, Nomer P. Delos Reyes
This project development study aimed to design, construct, and evaluate an R410A Recovery Kit for application in the refrigeration and air conditioning industry. The device integrates a refrigerant recovery machine and a pressure washer, providing technicians with essential tools for efficient system servicing and maintenance. Evaluation was conducted with HVACR faculty members who assessed the kit’s design and functionality using standardized criteria. Findings revealed a high level of acceptability, with an overall mean rating of 4.48, indicating strong endorsement. Portability (mean = 4.57), use of durable locally sourced materials, and clear labeling of component parts were identified as key strengths, contributing to ease of operation and reduced errors. The results confirm that the kit is a practical, cost-effective, and user-friendly alternative to imported equipment. The study concludes that the R410A Recovery Kit meets both technical and user expectations, offering a valuable contribution to sustainable refrigerant management and technical training. Recommendations include integrating digital monitoring features, enhancing ergonomics, and conducting further development studies to refine safety and functionality.
Zinia Nasrin Shumon
Teucrium pygmea Miraz (RCC), described and illustrated (Fig-1) from Rajshahi Cadet College, Rajshahi district (24.3113° N, 88.7177° E), a new species from Bangladesh from Lamiaceae family. First published in Sp. Pl.: 562 (1753). Compare with Teucrium viscidum Blume, which is native to Bangladesh, with flower color, plant size, flower size, bracts, leaves and stigma shape. This new species height is smaller than other species. So, I named it ‘pygmea’ for this new species. Differences showing in botanical illustration at Fig-2 and as well as Fig-3 with table.
Anna Ivin, Anusha, Aryanandha, Delna, Dr. Blaze Asheetha Maria Rosario, Elaine, Gali Mary Pranitha, Gladlee, Jaimy, Merina Joseph
Background Communication is the exchange of information and meaning through shared symbols, serving as a vital foundation for human relationships and nursing. Simulation supports this by modeling real-world scenarios using either real or dramatized methods to facilitate education, preparation, and problem-solving. Objectives 1. To evaluate the effectiveness of simulated patient encounters in developing communication skills among nursing students. 2. To determine the association between pre-test communication skills scores among nursing students and their selected sample characteristics. Methodology A pre-experimental one-group pre-test and post-test evaluative research study was conducted in the seminar hall and the institute's nursing foundation lab. A sample of 40 nursing students was selected using the convenience sampling technique. Data was collected through scenario demonstrations of admission procedures, history collection, and vital signs assessment before and after the simulation. The participants' communication skills were also assessed using a rubric scale. Role play of 17-minute duration was used to simulate scenarios for the participants. The collected data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. After that, the computed results were presented in tables and graphs. Result And Interpretation Pre-test assessments showed 77.5% of nursing students had below-average communication skills (mean 12.3 ± 2.785). Following simulated encounters, 70% achieved excellent skills, with the mean score rising to 29.55 ± 2.189. The significant mean enhancement of 17.25 (t = 42.5, p < 0.001) confirmed the effectiveness of the intervention (H1), while no significant associations were found between communication scores and baseline variables (H2). Conclusion The study findings revealed that most nursing students improved their communication skills after administering simulated patient encounters. Thus, the study concluded that simulation was influential in developing nursing students' communication skills.
Prateek Mishra
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a core component of modern computer science, driving innovation across diverse application domains. This systematic review examines emerging applications of Artificial Intelligence in computer science by synthesizing recent scholarly literature. The study analyzes peer-reviewed research to identify key application areas, including machine learning-based data analytics, natural language processing, computer vision, cyber security, software engineering, cloud computing, and Internet of Things–enabled systems. Emphasis is placed on recent advances such as deep learning architectures, explainable AI, and the integration of AI with big data and edge computing platforms. The review also highlights current challenges related to data privacy, model interpretability, ethical considerations, and computational complexity. By consolidating existing research findings, this study provides a structured overview of technological trends and research directions in AI-driven computer science applications. The insights presented are expected to assist researchers, academicians, and practitioners in understanding the evolving role of Artificial Intelligence and in identifying potential areas for future investigation.
Irungu M. Kahura, Jatani Ungula, Sharon Kiprotich
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is an extensively utilized, versatile compound implemented in a diverse scope of technological applications. In dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), the attainable nanostructures, inherent transparency and tunable electronic properties of ZnO can be integrated to confer high level device properties. ZnO is a complex compound with substantial and intricate defect chemistry and its properties are exceptionally sensitive to the functional utilized in the computing and experimental processes. Consequently, engineering of the band edges in Wurtzite ZnO (W-ZnO) for DSSCs application has not yet been exhausted. The W-ZnO was synthesized using sol-gel method while the computations were performed using density functional theory (DFT) as implemented in the Quantum ESPRESSO code. The generalized gradient approximation with Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof was utilized as the exchange correlation functional. Investigations of the structural, electronic and optical properties of W-ZnO were carried out using both computational and experimental techniques. In the experimental analysis, the influence of growth temperature on ZnO was investigated, whereas in the computational study, the impact of varying the Hubbard U parameter on pure ZnO was examined. The structural properties of the materials have been found to be consistent with previous observations in literature with a slight decrease in lattice parameters in the DFT+U calculations. W-ZnO was observed to display a direct band gap at gamma. The energy band gaps of, 0.79 eV, 1.45 eV, 3.19 and 3.33 eV in the standard DFT, DFT + Ud, DFT+Ud +Up calculations and experimental values were obtained respectively. Generally, W-ZnO was found to have low absorption ability and high transmittance in the visible spectrum which were in close correlation with the experimental values obtained which therefore make them suitable candidates for DSSCs application.
Keerthanaa Vijayanand
Acid pollution in aquatic environments is a major global challenge caused by natural and anthropogenic sources. The lowering of pH destabilizes biogeochemical cycles, mobilizes toxic metals, disrupts biodiversity, and threatens human health. This review synthesizes recent literature (2015-2025) on the causes, ecological and human impacts, mitigation technologies, and emerging solutions to acid pollution in aquatic systems. The discussion highlights acid mine drainage (AMD), industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and atmospheric deposition as major contributors. Traditional treatments such as neutralization and constructed wetlands are compared with novel approaches including bioremediation, adsorption, membrane distillation, and resource recovery. Case studies and recent advances are evaluated to understand their sustainability, scalability, and economic feasibility. Finally, emerging research trends such as artificial intelligence-driven monitoring, circular economy approaches, and hybrid remediation strategies are outlined to inform future policy and research priorities.
Abeki, J.P., A, Adedokun, Alkali, Bunonyo, Y. T, Udensi, E. E.
The geophysical interpretation of Aeromagnetic data over the study area bounded by longitude 4°00′–5°00′ and latitude 5°30′–6°30′ provides crucial insights into the subsurface geological configuration, with significant implications for hydrocarbon exploration. Reduced-to-Equator (RTE) map reveals magnetic values ranging from 32,869.16 nT to 33,037 nT, reflecting the influence of subsurface lithology and tectonic structures. High magnetic intensities in the East–central and South Western part of the map, often correlate with the presence of ferromagnetic minerals, such as magnetite-rich mafic and ultramafic rocks, suggesting potential igneous intrusions or lithological boundaries, the lower magnetic zones, illustrated in blue west–central part of the map, indicate nonmagnetic sedimentary units, deep basement rocks, or zones of weathering and alteration. The high magnetic intensity closures observed within the basin are likely associated with the underlying basement rocks or with igneous intrusions that may have penetrated the sedimentary sequence. Depth estimation techniques such as Euler Deconvolution utilize a structural index (SI = 1) to delineate linear geological features like faults and dykes, with clustered solutions indicating complex basement architecture. Source Parameter Imaging (SPI) analysis estimates source depths exceeding 3.0 km, confirming the presence of thick sedimentary basins critical for hydrocarbon maturation. Spectral analysis indicates basement depths between 8.7 and 11.6 km, with deeper zones concentrated centrally and southeast part , aligning with potential depocenters. The First Vertical Derivative (FVD) map indicates the passage of the paleo-fracture zone through the area. This is also indicated in the discontinuity shown in the Total Magnetic Intensity (TMI) map. These datasets improve the geological interpretation of the region, reveal structurally controlled sedimentary basins, and help outline prospective zones for hydrocarbon exploration and development within the Niger Delta.
Agi C, Akagbue Vivian N, Ugboma Enighe W
Aim The cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) is one of the most widely used radiographic indices for evaluating cardiac size in paediatric populations, particularly in regions where advanced cardiac imaging is limited or unavailable. Despite its longstanding clinical application, normative CTR values for Nigerian children, especially in the South-South region, are inadequate. This study aimed to establish age- and sex-specific normative CTR values in healthy children aged 9–13 years in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, using standardised posteroanterior (PA) chest radiographs. Method Radiographic evaluation of the cardiac diameter was performed in 362 children (222 males, 140 females). Cardiac and thoracic diameters were obtained from posterior-anterior (PA) chest radiographs, and CTR was calculated as a percentage of cardiac to thoracic width. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, and Pearson correlations, with significance set at p < 0.05. Result The overall mean CTR was 45.4%. CTR increased progressively with age for both sexes: in males from 43.6% at age nine to 46.7% at ages twelve and thirteen, and in females from 43.3% at age nine to 47.4% at age twelve. Although males exhibited larger thoracic diameters, CTR values did not differ significantly between sexes (p = 0.12). Cardiac and thoracic diameters increased significantly with age (p < 0.001). A weak but significant correlation was observed between age and CTR (r = 0.18, p = 0.03). Conclusion The study provides age- and sex-specific CTR reference values for Nigerian school-aged children and offers clinically relevant data for interpreting paediatric chest radiographs. These findings support the use of population-specific CTR norms for diagnosing cardiomegaly and related conditions in regions with similar demographic characteristics.
Badal Bhushan, Mr. Suman Kumar Jha, Shani Rathore, Vivek Chauhan, Vivek Sharma, Yash Rajput
With video content absolutely everywhere these days—on learning platforms, in business settings, across social media—trying to analyze it all by hand has become practically impossible. Our paper describes a framework we built that uses AI and machine learning to make understanding videos much simpler, whether you're uploading your own footage or just sharing a link to something online. Here's how it works: the system examines what's actually happening on screen while also listening to the audio, then brings everything together into summaries that actually make sense. We're using a Transformer-based model that's really good at figuring out how different moments in a video relate to each other and what they mean in context. After you get your summary, there's also a lightweight language model that lets you have an actual conversation about what you watched—you can ask questions and get answers that show a real understanding of the content.
Badal Bhushan, Deepesh Kumar, Hanshika Shanvi, Randhir Kumar, Santosh Kumar, Shivam Kumar
The increasing adoption of cloud computing, remote work environments, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and encrypted communication has significantly expanded the attack surface of modern enterprise networks. Traditional rule-based and signature-driven firewall systems are no longer sufficient to defend against advanced cyber threats such as zero-day attacks, lateral movement, and stealthy intrusion attempts. These conventional approaches lack adaptability, generate high false-positive rates, and fail to provide continuous trust evaluation required in dynamic network environments. To address these limitations, this paper proposes an AI-driven Next-generation firewall (NGFW) architecture designed to support dynamic threat detection and Zero Trust implementation. The proposed framework integrates network traffic monitoring, behavioral flow analysis, AI-based threat detection, and dynamic policy enforcement into a unified security system. By analyzing traffic patterns at the flow level, the system continuously evaluates risk and enforces least-privilege access decisions without relying on static rules or predefined signatures.
Dr Deepak Mathur
Mobile commerce (m-commerce) has significantly transformed consumer purchasing behavior by offering convenient and seamless shopping experiences through smartphones and tablets. As e-commerce platforms continue to expand rapidly, personalization has emerged as a critical factor for businesses aiming to boost user engagement, satisfaction, and customer loyalty. Artificial Intelligence (AI) serves as a driving force behind this personalization, utilizing machine learning algorithms, natural language processing, and predictive analytics to tailor shopping experiences to individual preferences. This paper examines the role of AI-powered personalization in mobile commerce applications, highlighting its advantages, challenges, and future opportunities.
Dr. Sharddha Dominic, Mr. Rakesh Kumar Verma, Prof. Geetha. D
Breakfast is the first meal of the day. The word is a compound of break and fast, referring to the conclusion of fasting since the previous days last meals, hence breaking the fast. Breakfast is among the principle food which in early morning satisfies the nutrional needs and increases mental work load ability. Breakfast should contain verified food for the ease of digestion and absorption process. Eating, therefore, did not mean only to fill up the stomach but nutrional benefits should also be considered. Skipping breakfast can affect school children physical and mental development. Skipping breakfast may hinder child growth because the body is forced to call upon stores of protein to met energy requirements. Behavioral problems in children –including decreased attentiveness, irritability and hyperactivity-have been reported to be associated with the transient hunger resulting from missing breakfast. Providing breakfast to students at school has been reported to improve some cognitive functions, particularly in undernourished children’s.
Adamu Alhaji, Adamu Dalhatu, Adamu M. Sabo, Batulu Ibrahim, Dalhatu Umar
This study assesses knowledge and practice of standard precautions among students of Adamu Adamu College of Nursing Sciences Azare, Bauchi State. Three research questions were used. The design for this study was descriptive and a sample size of 69 was determined by Toro Yermen’s formular. The instrument used was structured questionnaire developed by the researcher. The validity of the instrument was done by the two experts and errors were corrected. Test and retest was done for the reliability and the score of 0.73 was obtained. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented in frequency distribution table with percentage. The socio – demographic characteristics of the participants revealed that majority of the respondents were within 17 to 19years (58.4%) and are female (65%). Findings of the study revealed that the level of knowledge of participants towards standard precaution was high and level of practice was moderate. It is recommended that improvement in quality of training on standard precautions and mentorship to boost confidence of the students on standard precautions should be encouraged.
Siddharth Maurya, Vijay Kumar
Self-supervised learning (SSL) has emerged as an effective paradigm for learning visual representations without reliance on labeled data. This study presents a controlled benchmark of two widely adopted SSL methods, SimCLR and BYOL, evaluated on the STL-10 dataset. Both methods are implemented using an identical ResNet-18 backbone and trained under matched computational and optimization settings. Representation quality is assessed through linear probing and k-NN classification. Under these constraints, SimCLR demonstrates stronger performance than BYOL, achieving a linear probe accuracy of 71.21% compared to 69.90% for BYOL. These results emphasize practical considerations in SSL benchmarking and highlight performance trade-offs that arise under resource-limited training regimes.
Siddharth Maurya, Vijay Kumar
Self-supervised learning (SSL) has emerged as an effective paradigm for learning visual representations without reliance on labeled data. This study presents a controlled benchmark of two widely adopted SSL methods, SimCLR and BYOL, evaluated on the STL-10 dataset. Both methods are implemented using an identical ResNet-18 backbone and trained under matched computational and optimization settings. Representation quality is assessed through linear probing and k-NN classification. Under these constraints, SimCLR demonstrates stronger performance than BYOL, achieving a linear probe accuracy of 71.21% compared to 69.90% for BYOL. These results emphasize practical considerations in SSL benchmarking and highlight performance trade-offs that arise under resource-limited training regimes.
Dr. Lolita A. Dulay, Mark Anthony C. Tagupa
This study examined the effects of traditional and technology-supported instruction on the academic performance of Grade 9 students in Chemical Bonding. Specifically, it sought to: (1) determine the academic performance of students taught using traditional and technology-supported lessons; (2) identify whether a significant difference exists between the two instructional approaches; and (3) assess the effectiveness of technology-supported instruction in improving students’ conceptual understanding. The research employed a quantitative quasi-experimental pretest–posttest control group design in a private secondary school during the 2025–2026 academic year. Two comparable Grade 9 sections (n = 50) were selected through purposive sampling: one received traditional lecture-based instruction, while the other was taught using technology-supported lessons such as simulations, animations, and multimedia. Data were gathered through a validated 30-item achievement test, and the results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, and paired samples t-tests.
Almahden C. Lumidseg, Lysther J.C. Calibara, Roden C. Yumol, Saharra G.H. Ruales
Cancer is a disease characterized by an abnormal growth of cells that can start in any organs affecting tens of millions of people every year. Conventional therapy of disease offers a success but remained as a challenge due to its negative adverse effects. This study aims to determine the phytonutraceutical, anti-angiogenic, and antioxidant properties of Bunchosia glandulifera (Peanut Butter Tree). Ethanolic leaf extract of B. glandulifera was subjected to phytochemical screening and tested for anti-angiogenic, cytotoxic, and antioxidant activity. Secondary metabolites screening indicates the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, and phenols. Test for angiosupressive activity revealed a positive anti-angiogenic property at 25%, 50%, and 75% concentration. The probit analysis of the leaf extract was found to be 309.7µg/ml. LC50 of the extract was higher than 100 microgram which indicates that the extract has low toxicity towards human cells. Evaluation for antioxidant property of the leaf extract exhibits an IC50 value of 35.39 µg/ml. The results revealed that B. glandulifera exhibit a promising source of phytonutraceutical, anti-angiogenic, as well as antioxidant property which can be a novel cancer prevention and treatment. Isolation of potent bioactive compounds and in vivo testing of B. glandulifera must be done to further validate the claim of the study.
Cosmus Kipketer Kemboi
This study examines the challenges confronting group leaders and youth group projects in Nandi County, Kenya, with a focus on leadership practices, management strategies, and their impact on project performance. Utilizing a cross-sectional survey design combined with descriptive methods, data were collected from 96 youth group members, 12 officials, and through focus group discussions and interviews. Key findings reveal incompetence in leadership, lack of training, resource allocation issues, and poor communication as primary barriers. The study concludes that effective leadership and management are pivotal to overcoming these challenges and enhancing project sustainability. Recommendations include enhanced training programs, improved funding mechanisms, and policy reforms to support youth initiatives. This research contributes to the understanding of youth empowerment in rural Kenyan contexts.
Hem Suman Jamwal, Monika Puri, Ravinder Dogra, Samjeet Singh Thakur
ABSTRACT The chemical analysis of historical materials and cultural heritage objects plays a vital role in understanding their composition, provenance, manufacturing techniques, and state of preservation. Short communication studies in this field focus on the rapid dissemination of significant analytical findings obtained from artworks, archaeological artifacts, manuscripts, and architectural materials. This article highlights the application of modern analytical techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM–EDX), and chromatography in the non-destructive or minimally invasive examination of heritage objects. Emphasis is placed on the identification of pigments, binders, corrosion products, and degradation pathways that influence conservation strategies. The integration of chemical data with historical and archaeological context provides valuable insights into ancient technologies and trade practices while supporting informed conservation and restoration decisions. By presenting concise yet impactful results, this short communication demonstrates how targeted chemical analyses can significantly contribute to the preservation and interpretation of cultural heritage, while adhering to the ethical requirement of minimal intervention on irreplaceable historical materials.
Benedict C. Mbanefo, Chikezie S. Amalagu, Cosmas Adedero, Donatus O. Njoku, Emmanuel C. Odoemene, Janefrances E. Jibiri
The rise of zero-day Flash malware has introduced significant security challenges due to its ability to exploit previously unknown vulnerabilities and evade traditional detection systems. This paper presents a novel deep learning-based approach leveraging a hybrid Convolutional Neural Network-Long Short-Term Memory (CNN-LSTM) model to detect zero-day Flash malware effectively. Unlike conventional signature-based or heuristic detection mechanisms, our method automatically extracts and learns both spatial and temporal features from Flash file samples to improve detection accuracy and resilience against evasion techniques. The model was trained and evaluated on a robust, diversified dataset consisting of benign and malicious Flash samples, demonstrating superior performance compared to existing methods. Performance evaluation was conducted using precision, recall, F1-score, and ROC-AUC metrics. The experimental results show a detection accuracy of 97.5%, with a significantly reduced false positive rate. This study highlights the potential of deep learning, especially hybrid architectures, in addressing the evolving threat of zero-day malware. It further opens new avenues for real-time, intelligent malware detection systems applicable in broader cybersecurity contexts.
C.K.P. Chandrasena
The construction industry is recognized as one of the most hazardous occupational sectors, particularly in developing countries, where workplace accidents frequently result in serious injuries and fatalities. Falls from height, exposure to toxic gases, extreme environmental conditions, and inadequate supervision at remote sites are among the most common risks faced by construction workers. In most cases, personal protective equipment offered is usually inadequate, especially in the case of remote locations where construction supervision is not available. In light of these issues, this study proposes an IoT-based smart safety helmet intended for construction workers. The proposed system is designed with the ESP32 microcontroller as its core combining several sensors, such as the MPU6050 accelerator and gyroscope to identify falls, the DHT22 sensor to monitor temperature and humidity, the MQ-2 gas sensor to detect hazardous gases, and the NEO-6M GPS module to track real-time location. Remote construction sites are often devoid of Wi-Fi or cloud service and the proposed system relies on a GSM module for data transmission. The sensor data are sent to a web dashboard in ThingSpeak, based on the HTTP protocols, and the critical conditions cause the multi-channel alerts with the use of the onboard buzzer, dashboard notifications, and SMS messages to site managers. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed helmet provides accurate real-time monitoring and dependable data transmission. The design of the helmet enhances its practicality and efficiency, especially in construction settings where workplace hazards and the risk of accidents are prevalent by merging low-cost, lightweight, and dependable communication technologies.
Asemota, Uwem Kelly
Microbial air quality is a critical determinant of environmental hygiene and production efficiency in Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation facilities, yet it remains insufficiently addressed in many commercial systems. Airborne microorganisms, including bacterial cells and fungal spores, originate from multiple sources such as growth substrates, mushroom biomass, irrigation practices, human activity, ventilation systems, and the surrounding outdoor environment. Once aerosolized, these bioaerosols are transported, deposited, or removed through dynamic indoor air processes influenced by environmental and operational conditions
Fouad Nimr Ajeel, Hawraa Jaber Naser, Maryam Salman Sarbod
This study explores the effects of sulfur doping on the electronic and optical properties of Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) using Density Functional Theory (DFT). Three sulfur doping configurations are analyzed: substitutional doping (Sg), where sulfur atoms replace carbon atoms in the graphene lattice, edge/terminal doping (Sh), where sulfur is added at the edges or terminals, and thiophene-like doping (Sp), where sulfur is incorporated into five-membered rings at the graphene edges. The results show that sulfur doping reduces the energy gap of GQDs, with values of 1.444 eV for Sg, 1.213 eV for Sh, and 1.487 eV for Sp, indicating enhanced electrical conductivity and electronic reactivity. Optical absorption spectra reveal a redshift in the sulfur-doped GQDs compared to pristine GQDs, with absorption peaks at 858.7 nm for Sg, 1022.2 nm for Sh, and 833.9 nm for Sp, demonstrating their potential for applications in optoelectronic devices such as sensors and photodetectors. These findings highlight the significant impact of sulfur doping on the properties of GQDs, making them promising candidates for use in various nanoelectronic and optoelectronic applications.
Bertrand Kenzong, Elza Chirelle Segnou Mbougna, Emile Temgoua, Georges Simplice Kameni Kouedeu, Joseph Zetekoouang Guepi, Primus Azinwi Tamfuh
The high cost and low use efficiency of mineral fertilizers are major constraints to rice production for smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study evaluated the efficacy of Cajanus cajan biomass as an alternative nitrogen source for rainfed rice, using the Leaf Color Chart (LCC) as a real-time monitoring tool. A field experiment was conducted in Nkolbisson, Cameroon, during the 2025 cropping season using a randomized complete block design with four treatments and three replications: T0 (control, no fertilizer), T1 (200 kg ha⁻¹ NPK 20-10-10), T2 (200 kg ha⁻¹ NPK 20-10-10 + 17 t ha⁻¹ C. cajan biomass), and T3 (200 kg ha⁻¹ NPK 20-10-10 + 100 kg ha⁻¹ urea). LCC readings, yield, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) as Partial Factor Productivity (PFP) were assessed. Results showed that T2 maintained significantly higher (p < 0.001) LCC scores throughout the growth cycle, indicating superior and sustained nitrogen nutrition. This translated into a 26.8% grain yield advantage for T2 (5.06 t ha⁻¹) over T1 (3.99 t ha⁻¹). Although the Partial Factor Productivity of Nitrogen (PFPN) was highest for T1 (99.8 kg grain/kg N), the integrated T2 treatment achieved the highest absolute yield, demonstrating its effectiveness for maximizing productivity. The study demonstrates that the integrated use of C. cajan biomass, a key ISFM practice, provides a more stable nitrogen supply and significantly improves rainfed rice productivity, offering a sustainable and efficient alternative to sole mineral fertilization.
J. K. Annan, L. Gyansah
To improve the bioelectrical conductivity, bioactivity, and biocompatibility of titanium implants, an electroconductive tantalum (Ta) coating was fabricated on Ti6Al4V (TC4) substrates via the cold spray technique. Microstructural and phase characterizations were performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Four-point probe resistivity, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were used to characterize electrical and electrochemical properties relevant to neural interfaces. Mechanical and bioactivity evaluations included tensile adhesion, three-point bending, and Vickers microhardness tests, alongside simulated body fluid (SBF) immersion to assess osteointegration potential. Results show that the cold-sprayed Ta coating exhibits a bulk electrical conductivity of 6.8 × 106 S/m, approximately 40 % that of pure bulk Ta, due to the presence of inter-particle interfaces and porosity. The coating’s impedance at 1 kHz-a frequency range relevant to neural signal transmission was measured at ~8.2 kΩ•cm², indicating favorable charge transfer capability for neural electrode applications. The double-layer capacitance extracted from the EIS Nyquist plots was approximately 2.6 mF/cm², signifying strong electrochemical surface activity. Mechanically, the coatings exhibited an adhesive strength of 10.6 MPa, microhardness of 300 HV0.1, and Young’s modulus of 11.08 GPa, closely matching the modulus of natural cortical bone (10-30 GPa). Bioactivity assessment showed dense apatite layer formation within 14 days of immersion, while electrical stimulation (±100 μA, 1 Hz) significantly enhanced apatite nucleation rates, confirming electro-assisted biomineralization. These findings show improvement in bone-implant integration with emphasis on electrical performance suitable for bioelectronic and neural stimulation implants.
Eve Diane B. Ambalong, Genelyn R. Baluyos, Jeny Perl Ann C. Pameron
Effective communication is essential for students to thrive academically and socially, yet many learners struggle to convey ideas clearly, listen actively, and engage in collaborative discussions. Traditional classroom strategies often fall short in addressing these challenges. This study investigated the effectiveness of the Think Tank Technique in enhancing the communication skills of Grade 10 students during S.Y. 2024–2025 in a public secondary school in Ozamiz City. This study used a classroom-based action research design with 30 students as participants using purposive sampling. A research-made rubric and checklist were used to gather data. The data was interpreted and analyzed using statistical tools: mean, standard deviation, and t-test. The following were the study’s findings the level of communication of the learners before the use of Think Tank Technique (TTT) as measured by rubric assessment did not meet expectations, the level of communication of the learners after the use of Think Tank Technique (TTT) as measured by rubric assessment was outstanding, the level of communication of the learners before the use of Think Tank Technique (TTT) as measured by checklist assessment was poor, the level of communication of the learners after the use of Think Tank Technique (TTT) as measured by checklist assessment was very good, and there is highly significant difference in the level of communication before and after using Think Tank Technique (TTT) as measured by rubric and checklist assessments. The advocate for the integration of the Think Tank Technique into instructional practices as an empirically supported strategy for developing essential communication skills. School administration may provide professional development and resources to support school‑wide adoption of TTT, ensuring it becomes an empirically supported component of the communication curriculum.
Chris Obaro Obruche, Emuejevoke Francis Ogbimi, Eterigho Okpomo Okpu, Godwin Osakwe Ohumaehuni, Henry Peter Ovilli, Osu Joshua Orove
IoT Healthcare equipment usually encounters variety of hardware constraints, which can influence the encryption techniques used. Several of these IoT Healthcare gadgets use low-power microcontrollers or System-on-Chip (SoC) architectures with limited computing capacity. The devices sometimes have insufficient RAM and flash memory accessible, which can influence the selection of encryption methods. Cryptographic algorithms that are computationally costly or need frequent memory access can quickly deplete the device's battery. This is where a decent encryption method comes into play, because lightweight symmetric-key ciphers like Grain is typically better suited to IoT devices with limited processing power and memory. This study suggested a solution that uses AES 256, Grain and HMAC SHA256 to encrypt and hash IoT healthcare data at the physical layer. AES-256 is typically the quickest of the three, particularly with hardware acceleration. The Grain is the most lightweight and efficient option for tiny data sets and resource-constrained contexts, but HMAC-SHA-256 strikes a reasonable compromise between performance and security, making it a popular choice for message authentication. The combination of these three components results in a comprehensive encryption solution, with AES-256 ensuring strong confidentiality by encrypting the data. Grain offers an extra layer of encryption, increasing total security, while HMAC-SHA256 provides integrity and authenticity, ensuring that the encrypted data has not been tampered with. Using this combination, the encryption result becomes extremely resistant to a variety of assaults, including brute-force, cryptanalysis, and tampering. The system was created using the Python programming language. The results show that combining AES-256, Grain and HMAC-SHA256 speeds up encryption and decryption while using less power.
S M Humayun Kabir
Bangladesh is a disaster-prone country. Also, it is one of the most vulnerable countries to global climate change. As such coverage of environmental issues is utterly important for Bangladeshi media, especially newspapers as they can create awareness and shape public opinions. However, despite its importance, coverage of environmental issues has not been very significant in Bangladeshi newspapers, especially in regional newspapers. Also, there is a lack in comprehensive research on the issue, especially focusing on regional newspapers. To understand the current trend in coverage of environmental issues in regional newspapers, this study examines the coverage of environmental issues in six regional newspapers of Bangladesh, published from six divisional headquarters – Chottogram, Khulna, Sylhet, Rangpur, Rajshahi, and Barishal – during a disaster-free period (1–15 March 2025). Using a mixed-method approach combining quantitative content analysis and qualitative thematic analysis, the research assessed attention, emphasis, prominence, sources, photographs, and thematic focus of 97 environmental news stories among 4,575 published items in the above-mentioned newspapers. The findings reveal that the coverage of regional newspapers was not much focused on the local communities, rather they prioritized national and international issues over-pressing local challenges such as waterlogging, drought, saline intrusion, irrigation crises, and air pollution. Of the total stories, 44.62% addressed environmental problems, 9.7% focused on public protests, 15.52% on government drives and actions, and 25.22% on awareness programs. Despite their potential role in raising community awareness, regional newspapers provided largely event-based, elite-centered reporting with little investigative or research-based depth. Editorials and stories were often influenced by political and administrative interests, while contributions from experts and research institutions were almost absent. Visual presentation was weak, with no use of infographics or data visualization, and only a limited number of byline reports. The study concludes that environmental journalism in local newspapers in Bangladesh remains under-resourced and surface-level, with inadequate attention to grassroots realities. Strengthening professional standards, ensuring appropriate recognition and remuneration of local journalists, and encouraging research-driven, visually engaging reporting are essential for enhancing the role of regional newspapers in addressing Bangladesh’s acute environmental challenges.
Dr. Lakshmamma H R
This study explores the women empowerment a pivotal role in enhancing the savings through Stree Shakti Groups. Stree Shakti Groups are indispensable for empowering rural women to improve their livelihoods regarding education, employment, and health care. After perusing the published results of these studies (in the form of scholarly articles, books, reports, etc.), the researcher acquired a deeper understanding of the issue and proceeded to identify, evaluate, and assess the need for additional research. There are numerous references to previous research, some at the state level, some at the national level, and others at the international level. Because of this, they may be referred to as the "Information Processor" or "Information guide" for your investigation. The state government of Karnataka and the central government of India have implemented several programs to combat poverty, unemployment, and illiteracy in the area. Both administrations place women at the forefront of their development objectives and employ various strategies to ensure their privileged status. As a result of "Stree Shakti Groups," women now have a secure space to gather and tap into their inner strength, allowing them to become stronger individuals better equipped to face the challenges of the modern world.
Ajay Singh Thakur, Deepak Koshti, Manish Tripathi, Prachi Tripathi, Ramdarshan Parashar, Vaibhav Rajoriya, Yogesh Sharma
Curcumin (CUR) exhibits potent anticancer activity but suffers from poor bioavailability and limited colonspecific delivery. The present study reports the development and characterization of unconjugated liposomes (UL) and hyaluronic acid (HA)-conjugated liposomes (HTL) for colon-targeted delivery of CUR. Liposomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration method and conjugated with HA via carbodiimide-mediated coupling. Physicochemical characterization revealed spherical vesicles with mean diameters of 112.1 ± 1.8 nm (UL) and 132.4 ± 3.4 nm (HTL), low polydispersity indices (<0.3), and a shift in zeta potential towards negative values upon HA conjugation. CUR entrapment efficiency was high due to its lipophilicity, though slightly reduced after conjugation. Liposomes were entrapped in calcium alginate beads and coated with Eudragit S-100 to achieve colon-specific release. Beads exhibited pH-dependent swelling and drug release, with negligible release in gastric and intestinal fluids (pH 1.2–4.5) and sustained release in colonic conditions, enhanced by enzymatic degradation of alginate. Ex-vivo studies using HT-29 cells demonstrated significantly higher cellular uptake of HA-conjugated liposomes via CD44 receptor-mediated endocytosis compared to UL. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed enhanced anticancer efficacy of HA-conjugated liposomes, with CUR-loaded conjugated liposomes showing the lowest IC50 values and greatest reduction in cell viability. Overall, HA conjugation improved liposomal stability, colon-specific drug release, and targeted cytotoxicity, underscoring its potential as an effective nanocarrier system for colorectal cancer therapy.
Irene A. Estrada, Sulpecia L. Ponce
This paper is an examination of the gender-based needs of the displaced Maranao families affected by the 2017 Marawi Siege who are still in Iligan City at the time of the survey in March to July 2019. This study included 144 internally displaced people (IDPs) residing in unrecognized evacuation centers, renting, or staying with relatives. Findings show that the IDPs suffered from the collateral damage of war, living in extreme poverty due to the absence of livelihood opportunities. To survive, they resorted to reducing their food intake, borrowing from relatives, or sending their children to live with relatives. Some Meranao children are seen doing child labor, a sight not seen prior to the siege. They were not prioritized for support and services, as they are staying in spaces defined by the government as private areas. Regardless of gender and age, the IDPs generally need shelter, livelihood assistance, food, and health care to bounce back. They need a sustainable, culture-sensitive intervention program to aid their recovery.
Never Assan
In Sub-Saharan Africa, the smallholder agricultural sector harbors a rich genetic repository of indigenous village chicken ecotypes, which are vital to rural livelihoods in different agroecological regions. Despite being highly exposed to the adverse effects of climate change, including temperature extremes, shifting disease patterns, and resource scarcity, these local genetic resources have consistently demonstrated remarkable resilience. Their innate adaptability to harsh and fluctuating agroecological conditions positions them as a strategic asset for climate-resilient agriculture, offering clear advantages over imported breeds that often lack such environmental robustness. The intensification of climatic fluctuations—exhibited through reduced water availability, erratic precipitation patterns, rising ambient temperatures, unpredictable seasonal cycles, diminishing feed sources, and the proliferation of novel pathogens and parasites—has severely disrupted traditional poultry production systems. Nevertheless, certain indigenous chicken phenotypes, such as the naked neck variety, exhibit considerable resilience owing to their unique physiological, behavioral, and morphological adaptations to challenging environments. This review emphasizes the critical need to identify, develop, and promote these resilient subpopulations through intra-population selection and proactive, community-oriented breeding initiatives. By merging climate-smart breeding technologies with indigenous knowledge systems, both the productivity and survivability of village chickens can be significantly enhanced. Facilitating the proliferation of these climate-adapted genetic resources is central to reinforcing rural household resilience, securing food and nutritional stability, and sustaining livelihoods amid growing climatic adversities. The review advocates for the urgent transformation of poultry systems by mainstreaming resilient indigenous chicken ecotypes into adaptive strategies for climate-resilient agriculture.
Zenabou Tourere
This study aims to investigate the role of digital infrastructure in promoting inclusive growth in Africa. The study employs fixed-effects and random-effects econometric techniques, followed by the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), on secondary data from international databases (World Bank, International Telecommunication Union, International Energy Agency) for a panel of African countries covering the period from 2000 to 2024. The results show that technological indicators such as internet access, mobile and fixed-line telephony have positive and significant effects on inclusive growth as measured by the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Gini coefficient. The influence of ICTs depends on their level of development and they can be used as tools by policymakers.
OGUCHE, Emmanuel Achile, YAHAYA, Reuben Etuh
This study investigated the impact of instructional materials on senior secondary students’ academic achievement and attitudes toward Physics in Apa Local Government Area of Benue State. An experimental research approach was employed using a post-test only design, in which parallel groups of students were tested after exposure to treatment. The sample comprised 100 Senior Secondary II students randomly selected from seven schools offering Physics within the study area. Two research instruments were developed: the Physics Students Achievement Test (PSAT) and the Students’ Attitude Toward Physics Scale (SATPS). These instruments were validated by Physics education experts from Prince Abubakar Audu University, Anyigba. Reliability analysis using Cronbach’s Alpha produced coefficients of 0.81 for PSAT and 0.84 for SATPS, indicating strong internal consistency.Students were assigned to experimental and control groups, with the experimental group taught Physics concepts using instructional materials. Three research questions and three null hypotheses guided thestudy. Data collected were analyzed using mean scores, frequency counts, percentiles, chi-square tests, and independent samples t-tests. Results revealed that students taught with instructional materials significantly outperformed those in the control group (p < 0.05). The findings also indicated that instructional materials positively influenced students’ attitudes toward Physics. Furthermore, achievement and attitudes were shown to be closely related, suggesting a mutually reinforcing relationship. The study concluded that instructional materials significantly enhance both academic achievement and students’ attitudes toward Physics. Recommendations were made for teachers, curriculum developers, and educational stakeholders to strengthen the integration of instructional materials into Physics instruction for improved learning outcomes.
Dr. Ankita Kumari
Obesity is a growing public health concern that negatively affects not only physical health but also psychological well-being and overall quality of life. Life satisfaction represents an individual’s subjective evaluation of their life as a whole and is influenced by physical, psychological, and social factors. The present study aimed to examine the prevalence of life satisfaction among obese adults and to compare life satisfaction between Type-I and Type-III obese adults. A total sample of 420 obese adults (210 males and 210 females), aged 25–35 years, was selected from Patna, Bihar using purposive sampling. Participants were categorized into Type-I (BMI 30–34), Type-II (BMI 35–39), and Type-III (BMI ≥40) obesity groups. In this General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) was used for screening the heath status of obese adults and only healthy adults were selected. Data was collected using a Personal Data Questionnaire and the Life Satisfaction Scale developed by Promila Singh and George Joseph (2013). Results revealed that the majority of obese adults (56.9%) exhibited an average level of life satisfaction, while 43.1% reported low life satisfaction; nobody felt higher level of life satisfaction. The present study also revealed a significant difference in life satisfaction between Type-I and Type-III obese adults (t = 55.65, p < 0.01). The findings indicate that increasing severity of obesity is associated with poorer life satisfaction.
Destiny Young, Osinachi Ozocheta
This paper provides a detailed governance and policy analysis of Nigeria’s legislative instruments deployed to achieve data sovereignty and digital privacy within its rapidly growing digital economy. Nigeria, a key member of the Digital Cooperation Organisation or DCO, utilizes a sophisticated, hybrid regulatory architecture established primarily through the Nigeria Data Protection Regulation 2019 or NDPR and the Data Protection Act 2023 or NDPA (Mitchell & Mishra, 2024). This approach strategically blends comprehensive individual rights protections, largely influenced by the European Union’s rights-based model, with stringent, state centric data localisation mandates aimed at economic self reliance and national security (Mitchell & Mishra, 2024; Han, 2024). The core objective is to evaluate how this legislative strategy, using the Governance by Design framework, balances the imperatives of securing national interests and safeguarding data subject rights against the necessity of fostering scalable digital trade (Fedynyshyn, 2025; Mitchell & Mishra, 2024). The analysis finds that Nigeria’s reliance on broad geographical restrictions, particularly in critical sectors such as telecommunications and finance, risks functioning as a costly non tariff trade barrier, thereby hindering innovation and exacerbating conflicting legal obligations arising from transnational regimes like the United States CLOUD Act (Han, 2024; Chander, 2025). The study concludes that optimising Nigeria’s digital economy necessitates a policy shift from focusing purely on data residency to mandating technical control through measures such as encryption key management and promoting transparent enforcement mechanisms (Thales, 2025; Chander, 2025). This requires leveraging regional initiatives, including the African Continental Free Trade Agreement or AfCFTA, to establish interoperable, trust based data governance frameworks (Mitchell & Mishra, 2024).
Labiran J.O., Olukanni Temitope. Isaac
The increasing demand for sustainable construction materials has intensified interest in recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) as a substitute for natural aggregates in concrete. RCA offers environmental benefits by reducing landfill waste and conserving natural resources, yet concerns remain regarding its mechanical performance due to adhered mortar, higher porosity, and variability in quality. This study experimentally evaluated the influence of RCA replacement levels (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) on the mechanical properties of concrete at curing ages of 7, 14, and 28 days. Mechanical properties assessed included compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, and Young’s modulus. Results revealed a consistent decline in performance with increasing RCA content, particularly at 28 days, where compressive strength and Young’s modulus showed the largest reductions. Flexural and split tensile strengths also decreased but more gradually. Interestingly, the 15% RCA mix consistently outperformed the 5% and 10% mixes, indicating non linear behaviour and suggesting that moderate RCA replacement may improve aggregate packing and internal curing. Overall, the findings confirm that RCA can be incorporated into concrete at low to moderate replacement levels without compromising structural reliability. RCA replacement up to 15% is recommended for structural applications, while 15–20% may be suitable for non structural uses. The study contributes to sustainable construction practices by demonstrating that RCA concrete remains viable when its reduced mechanical properties are properly accounted for in design.
Budriya Sulthana M, Karthikeyini S, Sinthiya R, Sreemathi T V
Extrusion is a mechanical operation in which hydrated dough is subjected to controlled pressure and shear to form continuous noodle strands. Noodles are one of the convenient foods produced by the extrusion process. Enhancing the nutritional quality of noodles has gained significant attention in recent years to meet consumer demand for healthier alternatives. Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) is rich in dietary fiber and antioxidants like β-carotene, macronutrients such as carbohydrates & protein, vitamins, and minerals.Oats contribute significant amounts of β-glucan, a physiologically active soluble fiber known for modulating cholesterol metabolism. Our project primarily focuses on adding pumpkin and oats to the noodles, which improve their nutritional profile and aesthetic appeal because they contain β-carotene and β-glucan.
E.A. Wanigasekara, Y.A.A. Kumarayapa
Efficient victim detection and reliable navigation remain major challenges in robotic search and rescue operations within disaster affected regions. This research describes the design and implementation of an AI-driven autonomous robot car capable of making real-time decisions in complex and hazardous environments. The proposed system employs a sensor fusion approach that combines visual human detection using YOLOv5, thermal-based classification through a convolutional neural network, and audio-based human voice detection. These AI modules are supported by additional sensors including ultrasonic sensors, INMP441 microphone, MPU6050 inertial unit, and gas sensors (MQ2 and MQ135), all coordinated using a Raspberry Pi 3B+, ESP32, and ESP32-CAM modules. Precise localization and remote communication are achieved using a NEO-6M GPS receiver and a SIM800L GSM module. A web-based monitoring platform is developed to display real-time sensor readings, survivor locations, and environmental hazard warnings at a base station. The system is validated using a physical prototype designed for low-cost, rapid deployment, and ease of use. Experimental observations indicate that the robot can autonomously navigate, identify potential survivors, and transmit critical information, highlighting its suitability for disaster-response applications.
Dr. Santosh Kumar, Vivek Bhatt
Background Vibrational spectroscopy gives organic molecules unique identifying marks on their structures (Schrader, 1995). The infrared bands become apparent by measuring the changes to the dipole moment of a molecule as it vibrates (Atkins & de Paula, 2002); whereas, Raman bands become apparent by measuring the changes in polarizability of a molecule as it vibrates (Albrecht, 1961). Objective The IR and Raman spectra are employed to describe the 2-hydroxy-3,4- dimethoxy-benzaldehyde, identifying functional groups and ensuring that the structure is correct (Silverstein et al., 2016). Methods IR-band assignments are based on established group-frequency correlations as well as region references (Banwell, 1966), while Raman-mode assignments are based on aromatic skeletal markers and substituent markers. (Schrader, 1995). All the band-mode assignments were verified using bond-strength and force-constant relationships (Badger, 1934). Results Raman and IR spectroscopy confirm an O-H group (phenolic), C=O carbonyl (aldehyde), and C-O bond (methoxy) presence in this sample (Silverstein et al., 2016). Strong C=C and ring breathing vibrational features were observed with Raman spectrometry (Schrader, 1995). Bands observed by IR and Raman spectroscopy correlated with one another (Banwell & McCash, 1994). Comparison with Literature The location of bands corresponds well with the range of frequencies for aromatic aldehydes and substituted phenyls reported (Silverstein et al., 2016), indicating that minor shifts in band positions may be attributable to Hydrogen Bonding/Substitution (Badger, 1934). A recent publication indicates that much improved analysis of spectral information can now be completed through an application of current Spectroscopic methods (Darmawan et al, 2025; Wang et al., 2025). CONCLUSION The combination of IR and Raman Spectroscopy represents a definitive means for characterizing the tested compound (Schrader 1995), and the data presented here will allow for further computer-generated modelling and comparative analysis of Vibrational Spectroscopy (Henschel et al., 2020).
John Kojo Annan, Lordina Eshun
Electricity theft remains a critical challenge for power utilities, particularly in developing economies where non-technical losses significantly disrupt revenue recovery and system reliability. Meter bypassing, where consumers divert current away from the energy meter, is the most pervasive form of electricity theft in Ghana. This study develops and evaluates a conceptual Internet of Things (IoT)-based monitoring system designed to detect meter bypass using a dual current-sensing architecture. The system employs two ACS712 Hall-effect current sensors, an ATmega328p-PU microcontroller, a SIM800A GSM module for SMS alerts, and an ESP8266 WiFi module for cloud-based reporting to the ThingSpeak® platform. Detection relies on a real-time current-difference algorithm that compares load and meter currents within a mathematical tolerance threshold. Simulation using Proteus 8.3 and prototype implementation confirm that the system accurately detects bypass conditions and enables remote disconnection of supply. This research demonstrates a scalable approach for reducing non-technical losses in low-voltage networks.
Mrs. Akpan, Jenny Church
The study aimed to understand how learning about adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health affects the school success of students in public high schools in Abak Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State. Three research questions and three null hypotheses were created to help guide the study. The study used a type of research design called ex-post facto. This means looking at past events to understand their effects. The study focused on 862 Adolescents who were students in public high schools in Abak Local Government Area. The sample included 120 girls and 120 boys totaling, 240 subjects who were chosen using a random method. This involved drawing names from a group. Data collection was done with the use of a researcher made instrument, titled “The influence of knowledge of adolescent sexual reproductive health on academic achievement of students’ questionnaire (TIKASRHOAASQ)’’ To answer the research questions, Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used. The three null hypotheses were checked with an independent T-test, using a 0.05 level of significance. The t-value found in the study was higher than the critical t-value for all the hypotheses. Because of this, the hypotheses were rejected. This means that knowing about adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health affects how well the adolescent boys and girls do in school. It is suggested that schools should offer counseling on sex education for both boys and girls. This will help reduce cases of sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies.
Ayswarya V, Dr.K.Kaveri, P. Madhumayadevi, P. Saranya, S.Swetha
Background: Hirudotherapy, the medicinal use of leeches, has evolved from traditional healing practices into a scientifically recognized therapeutic modality. The renewed interest in leech therapy arises from the identification of a wide spectrum of pharmacologically active molecules in leech saliva, many of which exhibit potent anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, analgesic, and vasodilatory effects. Objective: This systematic review aims to critically analyze the pharmacologically active compounds present in leech saliva, their mechanisms of action, preclinical and clinical evidence, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects, safety concerns, and future potential in drug discovery. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed across PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Experimental, preclinical, and clinical studies relevant to pharmacology were included. Data extraction focused on bioactive molecules, mechanisms, therapeutic outcomes, and adverse effects. Results: Leech saliva contains over 100 bioactive molecules, including hirudin, calin, destabilase, bdellins, and Eglins. These compounds exert synergistic effects on coagulation pathways, inflammatory mediators, and microcirculatory dynamics. Clinical studies support its use in venous congestion, osteoarthritis, and reconstructive surgery, though standardization remains a challenge. Conclusion: Leech therapy represents a biologically rich source of pharmacologically valuable compounds. Despite promising evidence, further large-scale, standardized clinical trials and molecular studies are essential for its integration into mainstream pharmacotherapy.
Muhammad Basirun
Background: The position of ward head is crucial because their managerial skills play a significant role in the success of nursing services. The leader's character contributes optimally to creating quality nursing care. The results of this study are very important because they discuss the appropriate leadership character in managing nursing wards. The past leadership character of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) serves as the basis for patient management.
Joven T. Ambilong
This study examined the relationship between math anxiety and academic math performance among grade 11 students at Kananga National High School – Senior High School, with gender as a comparative variable. A quantitative correlational-comparative research design was employed. Data were obtained from 231 Grade 11 students during the School Year 2025 – 2026 using a validated math anxiety questionnaire and official mathematics grades. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques, including frequency percentage, weighted mean, Pearson product-moment correlation, and independent samples t-test were applied at the 0.05 level of significance. Results revealed that students exhibited a moderate level of math anxiety and a generally satisfactory level of academic math performance. Correlation analysis indicated a statistically significant moderate negative relationship between math anxiety and academic performance, suggesting that high anxiety is associated with decreased performance in mathematics. Furthermore, significant gender differences were observed. Female students demonstrated significantly higher levels of math anxiety, whereas male students obtained significantly higher academic math performance. The findings affirm that math anxiety is a critical affective factor influencing mathematics performance and that gender plays a significant role in shaping students’ emotional experiences and academic outcomes. The study recommends the implementation of anxiety-reduction interventions, gender-responsive instructional strategies, and supportive learning environments to enhance students’ confidence and academic performance in mathematics.
Asemota, Uwem Kelly
Globally, the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus has risen tremendously due to their ability to grow on a wide range of cheaply available agricultural wastes. However, they are highly perishable and susceptible to contamination by microorganisms. Contamination of dried food by microorganisms has become a major health concern. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological properties of dried cultivated Pleurotus ostreatus during storage. Fresh cultivated P. ostreatus were dried in hot air oven at 55℃ for 72 hours. A portion was sun dried for five days to constant weight. Samples were taken at day 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120. Moisture content (MC) was determined using standard methods. MC of sun dried varied between 9.00% and 12.20%. MC of oven dried varied from 7.00% and 10.00%. The MC of the sun dried and oven dried samples were within the acceptable limit for dried mushrooms. Isolation, enumeration and identification of microorganisms were done using standard microbiological techniques. Mean total bacterial count (TBC) of sun dried varied from 2.8 x 105 CFU/g to 6.5 x 105 CFU/g. TBC for oven dried varied from 1.1 x 105CFU/g to 4.2 x 10CFU/g. Frequency of occurrence of bacteria: Escherichia coli 4(20%), Staphylococcus aureus 7(35%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9(45%). Mean total fungal count (TFC) for sun dried varied from 2.3 x 102CFU/g to 6.2 x 102CFU/g. TFC for oven dried was 1.1 x 102 CFU/g to 2.0 x 102CFU/g. Frequency of occurrence of fungi: Aspergillus sp 15(75%), Fusarium sp 3(15%), and Rhizopus sp 2(10%). Microbial load of sun and oven dried increased with storage time. Post-harvest losses, shortened shelf life and health risk can be ameliorated by evaluating and understanding the microbiological properties of microbial isolates during storage.
I. C. Eli, Jephter J. Dika
This study extends the Lassa fever model developed by Eli and Abanum (2022) by incorporating reinfection and awareness driven behavioral changes. The modified model divides the human population into susceptible, infected, recovered and aware compartments to account for partial immunity and behavioral adaptation. Analytical expressions for the basic reproduction number (R0) are derived using the next generation matrix approach. Stability analysis of the disease-free equilibrium and sensitivity of R0 to key parameters are performed. Results show that awareness reduces the effective contact rate, thereby lowering R0, while reinfection increases the potential for disease persistence. Numerical simulations confirm that increasing public awareness and reducing reinfection significantly enhance disease control and stability.
Tijjani Ahmad Hakeem
Chemical-induced hepatotoxicity remains a major concern due to environmental and experimental exposure to toxicants such as 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and cadmium. Medicinal plants with antioxidant properties may offer protective benefits against liver injury. This study investigated the ameliorative effects of Moringa oleifera and Musa sapentium on DMBA and cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity in male Wistar rats, with emphasis on hepatic p53 modulation and histopathological changes. Male Wistar rats were exposed to DMBA and cadmium, either alone or in combination with Moringa oleifera or Musa sapentium extracts. Hepatic p53 levels were quantified using ELISA, while liver tissues were examined histologically using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Administration of DMBA and cadmium resulted in significant alterations in hepatic p53 levels and severe histopathological damage to liver tissue. Co-treatment with Moringa oleifera or Musa sapentium extracts modulated toxicant-induced p53 changes and improved liver histoarchitecture compared with toxicant-only treated groups. The findings suggest that Moringa oleifera and Musa sapentium exert protective effects against DMBA- and cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity, potentially through modulation of p53-associated stress responses and preservation of liver tissue integrity.
Irene A. Estrada, Marilou S.Nanaman, Sulpecia L. Ponce
It has been more than a decade already since Tropical Storm Sendong (International name Washi) devastated most of the areas in Northern Mindanao, Philippines. Among the cities most affected were Iligan City and Cagayan de Oro City, which registered thousands of lives lost, injured, and displaced as a result of the tragedy. This study assessed the impact of resettlement on the economic, social, and environmental conditions of the Sendong survivors in these cities, employing 590 research participants. The findings indicate that the current situation of the resettled families is not generally in good economic shape, given job unavailability and income falling below the minimum poverty threshold. They have been able to socially adapt to the new environment despite the breakup of their social ties before Sendong. However, some relocation sites did not protect the resettled families against environmental risks like flooding or possible landslides. Inquiry into whether they have obtained full recovery after the disaster remains a challenge when compared to their pre-disaster conditions.
M. M. Kasdekar, P. N. Chikhalkar., Y. K. Mawale
Lonar Crater Lake (19°58′N, 76°31′E) is a ~52 ka meteorite impact structure developed within the Deccan Traps basaltic province and represents an important natural archive for understanding crater-lake hydrology and geomorphic evolution. This study investigates short-term morphometric and hydrological variations in Lonar Crater Lake during the period 2019–2024, with particular emphasis on the role of rainfall variability and groundwater dynamics. Lake boundaries and morphometric parameters were extracted using high-resolution Google Earth Pro satellite imagery, while rainfall data for 2018 and 2023 were obtained from the Maharashtra Rainfall Monitoring Portal. Standard limnological indices, including Depth Ratio (Rz), Relative Depth (Zr), Shoreline Development Index (DSI), and Index of Basin Permanence (IBP), were calculated following established morphometric methodologies.
Emmanuel Abiodun, Lateef G. Salaudeen, Omobolanle Esther Akinjisola
This research addresses the growing challenge of cyberattacks targeting digital communications, such as unauthorized access and data theft, by proposing a secure messaging system based on advanced cryptography. The system employs a hybrid cryptographic approach, integrating RSA, DES, and AES algorithms. RSA, an asymmetric method, secures the exchange of symmetric keys, while DES and AES handle message encryption and decryption. By layering DES and AES, the system enhances robustness and resists potential attacks without sacrificing efficiency. Testing with textual data confirmed the system’s ability to uphold confidentiality, integrity, availability, and authenticity. The inclusion of AES strengthened encryption, improving resilience against cryptographic threats. Overall, the findings demonstrate that a multi-level cryptographic framework provides a practical and effective solution for applied secure messaging systems, particularly in environments requiring enhanced data protection.
J. K. Annan, L. Gyansah
This research paper incorporated and explored the different physical and chemical properties of three reinforcement materials-5 wt. % CeO2, 5 wt. % MoS2, and 3 wt. % Ni particles in aluminum composites processed by Friction Stir Processing (FSP) in multiple property domains for applications in automobile, electrical and electronic industries. The severe plastic deformation and dynamic recrystallization during FSP process led to significant grain refinement of the aluminum matrix and uniform-dispersion of the CeO2 and MoS2, which resulted in a refined grain structure and grain boundary strengthening. The dispersed ceramic particles and Ni particles act as nucleation sites for new grains during FSP process and pin grain boundaries, thereby restricting grain growth. This led to a finer, more homogeneous microstructure in the stir zone. Grains per square inch when examined through a 500 X magnification was determined to be 1520. The interfacial bonding layers between the matrix A356 and reinforcements CeO2, MoS2, and Ni fabricated using the FSP method revealed dendritic feature-like layers with robust and cohesive bond strength. Moreover, XRD revealed no formation of new intermetallic phases which confirmed an excellent processed composite. The refined grain structure (i.e. Hall-Petch effect) further contributes to the enhanced hardness (61.32 %), wear (56.8 %) and tensile strength (35 %) of the composite. The implantation of the particles contributed to lower wear rates and improved wear resistance. Corrosion resistance, performed in a 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution for 120 hours, revealed enhanced protection in aggressive environments pertaining to the development of protective oxide-layers by CeO2 and MoS2. Incorporation of 3 wt.% Ni substantially improved electrical performance and multi-pass FSP improved the metallic network, increasing conductivity by 10-15 % relative to the single-pass composite. Contact resistance on the other hand remained within the range required for low-current conduction, electronic housings, and heat-spreader applications, though still higher than base A356. These analyses underscored the multifaceted benefits of incorporating 5 wt. % CeO2, 5 wt. % MoS2, and 3 wt. % Ni particles in A356 composites fabricated through FSP method.
Dr. A. Abul Hussain, Dr. T. Sureshkumar, Mrs. A. Radha Jeyalakshmi
This analytical research investigates resource usage preferences among academic professionals in Tamil Nadu, focusing on printed, digital, and hybrid library formats. Using a random sampling method, data was collected from 850 respondents across universities, colleges, and research institutions representing diverse academic backgrounds. Statistical analysis using percentage, mean, and chi-square tools reveals that digital formats are preferred for accessibility and instant retrieval, while printed resources remain valued for in-depth reading and reliability. The study also indicates an emerging inclination toward hybrid usage. The findings have major implications for library policy reform, resource budgeting, technological investment, and training programs.
Banusing, Charlotte, Espero, KC, Gallano, John Vincent, Langitan, Jonas
This study presents OlymPC, a web-based application designed to streamline the process of assembling custom personal computers by integrating descriptive analytics and rule-based algorithms to evaluate hardware compatibility and generate tailored product recommendations. The system assists users by automatically validating selected components, identifying incompatibilities, and suggesting optimized alternatives based on performance requirements and budget considerations. By reducing the need for extensive manual research, OlymPC serves as a practical tool for beginners, hobbyists, students, technicians, and independent builders seeking a more guided and reliable approach to PC configuration. Data were gathered through survey questionnaires, interviews, and observational analysis of existing PC-building platforms to identify user needs, challenges, and system requirements. Developed using PHP, hosted locally via XAMPP, and supported by a MySQL backend, the system utilizes accessible and adaptable technologies suited for web-based environments. To ensure its effectiveness and reliability, OlymPC is assessed using the ISO/IEC 25010:2011 software quality standards, focusing on functionality, usability, reliability, efficiency, and maintainability. A total of 80 users and 20 technical experts participated in the evaluation, collectively indicating that the platform performs strongly across all assessed quality attributes. Respondents highlighted its accurate compatibility checks, intuitive navigation flow, responsive interface behavior, stable operation, and structurally maintainable design. The findings confirm that OlymPC successfully fulfills its primary purpose of guiding users toward building compatible and performance-optimized PC setups. User feedback emphasized the system’s clarity and ease of use, while technical respondents validated its robust architecture and dependability. These results affirm the system’s capacity to support both novice and experienced builders, increasing confidence in component selection and reducing configuration-related errors. To enhance the application further, the study recommends expanding and continuously updating the hardware database, ideally through API-driven data integration with hardware suppliers. Future iterations may also benefit from ongoing evaluations, periodic updates, and the incorporation of adaptive or AI-driven algorithms to enable more dynamic and personalized recommendation outputs. Establishing a long-term maintenance plan focused on scalability, bug resolution, and system enhancements is also advised to preserve system quality over time. Addressing these recommendations will allow future developers to refine OlymPC into a more comprehensive, efficient, and user-centered decision-support tool for the PC-building community.
Makkella Siva Krishna
The health insurance sector in India has witnessed a remarkable journey spanning over five decades, evolving into one of the largest and most significant industries in the country. Its origin can be traced back to the post-independence era, a time characterized by high mortality rates, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and limited resources. Recognizing the pressing need to address these challenges, the government introduced health insurance schemes aimed at making healthcare more accessible and affordable to the Indian population. This initiative laid the foundation for a sector that has grown exponentially over the years. The study explores the role of operational performance metrics in driving profitability among select private health insurance companies in India. Utilizing a panel data approach, the research analyses key metrics, including Net Claims Ratio, Operational Expenses Ratio, Claim Settlement Ratio, Firm Size, and Net Premium Retention Ratio, over the period 2013–2022. The study finds that several operational factors shape the profitability of private health insurance companies in India. Effective claims management and prompt settlements are essential, highlighting the role of streamlined claim processing in boosting profitability. High operational costs and firm size negatively impact earnings, suggesting that cost control and operational efficiency are crucial for sustainable profits. Efficient management of operational expenses relative to premiums further boosts earnings, as maintaining adequate liquidity to meet obligations and capture investment opportunities. Insights from this research can guide strategic decision-making and enhance the operational health of the Indian health insurance sector.
Prof Emmanuel Osei Sarpong
This study explored the relationship between physical activity participation variables and body composition among members of Keep Fit Clubs in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Using a descriptive cross-sectional design, data were collected from 450 recreationally active adults through anthropometric assessments and structured questionnaires. The Aggregated Body Composition Score (ABCS), a novel field-based tool, was employed to assess body composition. Multiple regression analysis showed that exercise frequency (β = 0.26, p < 0.01) and duration (β = 0.31, p < 0.01) were significant predictors of ABCS, while exercise intensity had a moderate effect (β = 0.18, p = 0.03). The type of activity was not a significant predictor. These findings underscore the significance of frequency and duration of physical activity in maintaining a healthy body composition. The study recommends the broader use of the ABCS in community health assessments and calls for further validation of the tool across different populations, as well as its linkage with clinical outcomes.
Sandhya Dogra, Sarla Saklani
Cedrus deodara is a high altitude medicinal tree and traditionally the leaves and soft bark is used in Ayurvedic, Chinese and Tibetan medicine, it has been recognized for its diverse pharmacological properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential and antimicrobial effect of leaf extracts obtained using different solvents. Antioxidant activity was assessed through standard assays, including DPPH radical scavenging, revealing a concentration-dependent free radical scavenging effect. The methanolic extract exhibited the highest antioxidant potential, correlating positively with its total phenolic and flavonoid content. Bioactive compounds were identified by GCMS. Antimicrobial activity was tested minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. Results demonstrated notable inhibition zones, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with the methanolic extracts showing superior efficacy compared to other extracts. These findings suggest that Cedrus deodara leaves are a promising source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents, supporting their potential application in pharmaceutical formulations.
Dacosta Asante, John Kojo Annan
Maintaining grid stability is made more difficult by the growing integration of solar energy into contemporary power systems, particularly when supply and demand are fluctuating. Demand Response (DR) programs provide opportunities for dynamic load management, but in order to measure their impact in real time, they need sophisticated forecasting tools. This study models and assesses the influence of DR signals on a solar-integrated power system by developing a predictive framework with a Bayesian-optimised Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network using the MATLAB Platform. The model was trained with carefully designed features, such as environmental, grid, and consumption parameters, using multivariate time-series data. It was then assessed under various DR intensities. Key hyper-parameters were adjusted using Bayesian optimisation, which greatly enhanced forecasting performance. The model demonstrated strong generalisation across low and high DR scenarios, achieving general performance metrics like RMSE of 0.101 kW, MAE of 0.062 kW, and R2 of 0.9426. The results obtained in this study indicate that the suggested model is a useful instrument for strategic demand-side management and intelligent energy forecasting.
Rajendra S. Ghadge, Sameer N Jadhav
The extractability percentage of the ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa was 21.70 %. The herbal tablet was then used to treat naturally infected goats with PPR.The immunomodulatory tablet prepared from ethanolic seed extract of Nigella sativa has reduced the recovery period in goats in PPR infection. The direct compression process was used to prepare the Nigella sativa herbal tablet. The compressed formulation was evaluated based on several criteria, including friability, hardness, thickness, weight fluctuation, and appearance The tablet feeding shows improvement in PPR infected goats. Hence, this therapy can be used as supportive/immunomodulatory therapy along with conventional therapy.
Amadi, M. C., Wogu, M. N
Geohelminths are parasitic organisms that pose a very important public health concern globally. They cause anemia, diarrhoea, stunted growth, and school absenteeism, especially in children. This study was carried out to establish the occurrence of geohelminths among school-aged children in three randomly selected Community Secondary Schools in Emohua Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria. Data were collected through structured questionnaires to obtain socio-demographic information. The stool samples of 325 students were collected after prior consent was obtained from the parents or guardians, and the samples were analyzed using the formol ether concentration technique. The data derived were statistically analyzed, assuming significance at (p<0.05). An overall prevalence of parasites was recorded as 69.85%. The identified geohelminths included Ascaris lumbricoides, which was 40.53%; hookworm, 21.14%; Trichuris trichiura, 9.25%; and Strongyloides stercoralis, 4.40%. Gender-based analysis revealed a higher prevalence among females (77.05%) compared to males (60.56%). Age-wise, children aged 10–12 years showed the highest prevalence (75.25%), followed by those aged 13–15 years (67.50%), while the 15–17-year age group had the lowest prevalence (51.06%). A significant association between age and helminthiasis prevalence was observed (p<0.05). Similarly, there was a significant association of the type of toilet facility used with helminth infections (p<0.05). Accordingly, open defecation practitioners demonstrated the highest prevalence, 81.58%, followed by pit latrine users, 71.86%, while those having water cisterns showed the lowest, 29.17%. The findings call for awareness, raising campaigns to enlighten students on the health risks associated with geohelminth infections and the adoption of preventive practices.
Ezeuko Chukwuemeka Marcellinus, Ezeuko, Chidimma Maryrose, Okeke, Joy Ukamaka, Okonkwo, Chisom Peace, Umeh, Sophina Ogonna
Probiotics are different kinds of living organisms that have beneficial health effects on humans. Their first origin was from dairy products, but today most probiotic organisms are sources from fermenting fruits and other agricultural products. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) majorly used as probiotics are groups of Gram-positive, non-sporulating, anaerobic or facultative aerobic cocci or rods, which produce lactic acid as one of the main fermentation products of metabolism from carbohydrates sources. This study investigated the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from different types of ogi (pap), a traditional fermented cereal porridge made from maize (Zea mays), millet (Pennisetum typhoideum), and guinea corn (Sorghum bicolor). A total of fifteen ogi samples were collected from Eke Awka market, Nigeria. Using pour-plate method, total bacterial count was done using nutrient agar while total LAB count was done using deMan Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar. Isolates that developed on the plates were characterized and identified using standard biochemical methods. Molecular identification of the isolates were also done using 16s rRNA sequencing. The isolates were evaluated for probiotic properties, including tolerance to NaCl (2–8%), bile salts (0.3%), and phenol (0.1–0.4%). The antimicrobial activity of crude bacteriocins from the LAB isolates was tested against multidrug-resistant clinical specimen namely; Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results indicated that the total bacterial counts ranged from 3.50 × 104 to 2.30 × 105 CFU/ml, while LAB counts ranged from 1.80 × 104 to 8.90 × 104 CFU/ml in seven of the samples. Five LAB isolates were phenotypically identified as Pediococcus acidilactici, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Molecular identification via 16S rRNA sequencing confirmed the isolates to be Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus. All LAB isolates exhibited inhibitory effects against at least three pathogens, with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (J3) showing broad-spectrum activity against all test organisms. The findings showed that traditionally fermented ogi is a valuable source of probiotic LAB which can be harnessed and purified and used against some multidrug resistant organisms to achieve healthy conditions.
Abdallah Kombo, Alexander Kasyoki, Tom Sosthenes Onyinkwa
Under-five mortality (U5M) stands at 37 deaths in 1000 live births in Kenya suggesting that the country is unlikely to meet the World Health Organization target of fewer than 25 deaths per 1,000 live births by 2030 under current trends. While several determinants of U5M have been identified, evidence on their relative importance in Kenya based on nationally representative data and multiple analytical techniques, remains limited, constraining effective prioritization and use of scarce health resources. This study applied both traditional statistical methods and machine learning approaches to identify and rank the key determinants of U5M in Kenya. Data were obtained from the 2022 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS), including 23,433 children aged 0–59 months. Feature ranking was conducted using chi-square tests, logistic regression, XGBoost, Boruta, and SHAP. To enhance robustness, results from the multiple methods were integrated using a heatmap-based consensus approach from which the average ranking of predictors across techniques was derived. Across all methods, maternal education consistently emerged as the most influential determinant of U5M, followed by maternal health status, household wealth index, ethnicity, and birth spacing. Literacy, ownership of household assets, and place of residence showed moderate importance, while the child’s sex was consistently ranked as the least influential factor. By integrating multiple statistical and machine learning techniques, this study provides robust evidence on the relative importance of U5M determinants in Kenya. Therefore, policymakers should prioritize investments in female education, maternal health, culturally responsive interventions, poverty reduction, and optimal birth spacing to accelerate progress toward achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3.2.
Anil K. Das, Lisy M. Thomas, P. Thirupathaiah
The response of Earth’s ionosphere to the solar radiation during minimum, moderate and maximum solar activity conditions is studied using the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2016) model during the solar cycle 24. The altitude profiles of ion densities (O2+, NO+, N+, O+), electron density (Ne), electron temperature (Te) and ion temperature (Ti) are obtained from the IRI-2016 model on 4 January 2020 (F10.7 = 69.8, minimum), 4 January 2012 (F10.7 = 131.6, moderate) and 4 January 2014 (F10.7 = 253.3, maximum) at 45o latitude and 180o longitude in both the hemispheres for 12 noon local time from 60 km to 500 km altitude. It is found that the ion densities and electron density show a significant variation above 200km during minimum, moderate and maximum solar activity conditions, whereas below 200km the variation is more or less same. The electron temperature shows a significant variation above 300km, whereas below 300km the variation is more or less same. The ion temperature shows a significant variation between 150km and 450km, whereas below 150km and above 450km the variation is more or less same. It is also found that the values of densities of O2+, N+, O+ and electron are higher at 45oN than 45oS at 100-200km, 300-400km, above 150km, and above 150km, respectively, at other altitudes these values are higher at 45oS than 45oN. The values of NO+ density, Te and Ti are higher at 45oS than 45oN at almost all altitudes.
Atty. Dodelon F. Sabijon, Jenevie D. Sanchez
This study explored the work experiences of the Port Police Officers at the Cebu Port Authority (CPA). Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following: the positive and negative experiences of the informants, their duties, how the informants addressed the challenges encountered in the performance of their duties, and the informants’ aspirations to improve the performance. This study employs a qualitative research design, utilizing a phenomenological approach. This inquiry utilized ten (10) informants from the Cebu Port Authority (CPA), Cebu, Philippines, using a validated interview guide with open-ended questions prepared by the researcher. The informants were all interviewed individually. Colaizzi's analysis was employed to analyze the collected data. Three themes summarized the positive experiences of the informants were: Professional Relationships, Public Service and Social Impact, and Personal and Career Development. Regarding the negative experiences, the following themes were: Workplace Challenges, Environmental and Operational Pressures, and Resource Constraints. For challenges encountered by the informants, the themes were: Emotional Resilience and Coping, Safety and Risk Management, and Work-Life Balance and Organizational Support. Moreover, the themes of Career and Professional Growth and Operational Excellence described the informants' aspirations to improve their performance in their duties. The findings of this study served as supplementary guidelines for evidence-based policies, strategies, and training programs tailored to the unique needs and contexts of Port Police Officers of Cebu Port Authority (CPA).
I. C. Eli, Jephter J. Dika
This paper presents a comprehensive sensitivity and threshold analysis of the basic reproduction number (R₀) for a deterministic model describing the transmission dynamics of Lassa fever between human and rodent populations. The next-generation matrix approach is employed to derive an explicit expression for R₀, which quantifies the average number of secondary infections generated by a single infectious individual in a fully susceptible population. Analytical differentiation of R₀ with respect to each model parameter yields normalized forward-sensitivity indices that measure the relative contribution of epidemiological and demographic parameters to disease transmission. The results indicate that transmission rates between humans and rodents (βHV and βVH) and population recruitment rates (ΛH and ΛV) exert the most positive influence on R₀, while the recovery rate (γH) and natural mortality of rodents (μV) produce the strongest negative effects. Threshold analysis further reveals that when R₀ < 1, the disease-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable, whereas for R₀ > 1, an endemic equilibrium emerges. These findings highlight that targeted interventions such as enhancing recovery through medical treatment and reducing human rodent contact are the most effective strategies for lowering R₀ below unity and achieving disease eradication.
Ajaykumar B S, Dr. Deeksha S, Vijayamala G P
Commerce education in Bengaluru is evolving amidst the rapid growth of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Financial Technology (FinTech). This study investigates how interdisciplinary pedagogies can integrate these domains to enhance curriculum relevance and employability. Using the Henry Garrett Ranking Technique with responses from 100 participants, the analysis identified four key areas: current educational gaps, relevance of AI and FinTech, student readiness, and preferred integration models. The results showed that practical exposure, interdisciplinary electives, and coding/analytics training are the most critical gaps in the existing curriculum. In terms of relevance, digital payments, fraud detection, and credit analytics were ranked highest. Student readiness is driven mainly by career benefits, interest to learn, and coding comfort, while internships, capstone projects, and practice labs emerged as the most effective integration strategies. The study concludes that embedding AI and FinTech through experiential and industry-linked pedagogy can shape a Next-Generation Commerce Education model aligned with India’s digital economy.
Julius B. Paez
This study, “Skills and Knowledge Gap Analysis among Trainees of Tourism Promotion Services NC II: Input to a Sustainable Tourism Promotion Framework,” aimed to identify the existing competency gaps among trainees in promoting tourism products and services, with a focus on integrating sustainability principles in line with the goals of the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) and the Philippine Tourism Development Plan. The research employed a descriptive Training Needs Analysis (TNA) design, involving 50 trainees, 5 trainers, and 5 industry practitioners, through questionnaires and interviews. The analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, gap index analysis, and thematic interpretation.
Bunmi Segun Rotimi
Anaemia remains a serious public health problem among women of reproductive age in Nigeria, with significant implications for maternal and population health. This study examined the prevalence, determinants, and predictability of anaemia using descriptive statistics, inferential analyses, and supervised machine-learning models on the data from the 2023–2024 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). Anaemia status was defined using World Health Organisation haemoglobin thresholds. The results indicate an alarming 78% prevalence of anaemia among Nigerian women across geographic, socioeconomic, and educational strata. Nutritional status, particularly body mass index, together with reproductive factors and contextual characteristics, emerged as the most influential predictors of anaemia. The study highlights the value of combining epidemiological analysis with interpretable machine learning to inform targeted strategies for anaemia prevention and control in Nigeria.
Irene A. Estrada, Sulpecia L. Ponce
Republic Act (RA) 10068 (as amended) is a legal guidepost to spearhead the implementation of organic agriculture in the Philippines. The law mandated that all agricultural systems promote a sustainable practice using the lens of ecologically sound, socially acceptable, economically viable, and technically feasible production of farm-to-table food. Studies show that program implementers are not gaining enough inroads in their efforts to promote farmland conversion to organic agriculture in the country. This study investigates the status of farm conversion of Lanao del Norte farmers to organic farming and the reasons behind their decision to adopt the system, the issues and concerns they face and recommendations for its successful implementation. This is a qualitative study which covers 12 out of 22 municipalities of Lanao del Norte. The primary sources of data were 36 organic farmers and 23 program implementers as key informants.
Dr Devidutta Maurya
The present study reports a comprehensive theoretical investigation of the molecular structure, electronic distribution, and spectroscopic properties of molecule 1CVY (C₃₁H₄₂O₅) using Density Functional Theory (DFT). Geometry optimization was carried out to obtain the most stable molecular conformation, and the optimized structural parameters, including bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles, were analyzed in detail. The electronic properties of the molecule were explored through frontier molecular orbital analysis, providing insight into the HOMO–LUMO energy gap, charge distribution, and chemical reactivity. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) mapping was employed to identify potential electrophilic and nucleophilic sites within the molecule. Vibrational frequency calculations were performed to simulate the infrared (IR) spectrum, and all computed frequencies confirmed the stability of the optimized structure with no imaginary modes. The theoretical IR assignments were correlated with characteristic functional group vibrations. The results highlight the relationship between molecular geometry, electronic structure, and spectroscopic behavior of 1CVY, offering valuable insight into its physicochemical properties. This DFT-based study provides a reliable theoretical framework for further experimental investigations and potential applications of the molecule in molecular recognition and related fields.
B.P Ravi, Jadeppa H, Sharath Kumar P, Shivakeshava Kumar P
High-performance concrete (HPC) is essential for contemporary infrastructure due to its enhanced strength, durability, and resistance to environmental degradation, which contribute to extended service life and reduced maintenance requirements. Nevertheless, the production of HPC encounters challenges concerning the availability and quality of raw materials, including cement, aggregates, and admixtures. The scarcity of natural resources, environmental considerations, and rising costs necessitate the exploration of alternative materials such as pyrophyllite. The utilization of such supplementary materials not only addresses the scarcity of raw materials but also fosters sustainable construction by diminishing reliance on traditional cement, which is energy-intensive to produce. This study investigates the incorporation of low-grade pyrophyllite as a partial cement substitute in high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete. Pyrophyllite was employed at replacement rates of 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5% by mass of cement in concrete mixtures comprising Portland cement, water, silica sand, and 1% volume polypropylene fibers. The findings indicate that increasing the pyrophyllite content reduces concrete density while enhancing mechanical strength, with optimal performance observed at a 10% replacement rate. Although the mechanical strength did not exceed that of the reference concrete at 28 days, the use of pyrophyllite demonstrates potential for improving concrete properties while utilizing alternative raw materials.
J. E Ishegbe, M. T. Abatyough, P. E Envuladu
This research focuses on the synthesis and application of novel blood-sucking insect-repellent reactive dyes based on permethrin derivatives. Insect-borne diseases are a great concern for human health, and an increment in urbanization causes a rise in the population of mosquitoes and other related insects. The efficient methods and products for countering insect bites are the urgent need of the hour. To protect against insect causing diseases, repellent textiles are an attractive substrates. Permethrin was first condensed with cyanuric chloride to obtain a reactive intermediate, which was then coupled with diazotized H-acid to form functional dyes, H1AC, and H1AB2. The dyes were characterized using UV–Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, and GC–MS, confirming the successful incorporation of permethrin and triazine-based reactive groups. The dyes were applied to polyamide (Nylon 6.6) and cellulosic fabrics respectively, and their fastness properties were evaluated. Wash fastness ranged from 3 to 4–5, indicating moderate to good stability, while light fastness varied from 3 to 7, demonstrating fair to excellent photo stability depending on dye structure. Insect repellency was assessed using the WHO cone bioassay, where H1AC and H1AB2 exhibited the highest knockdown rates (100% at 60 - 90 minutes). The dyed polyamide fabrics performed significantly than the control. Overall, the dyes produced durable coloration and strong, long-lasting mosquito-repellent activity, demonstrating their potential for protective clothing, outdoor textiles, and public-health applications.
Chen-Xi Zhang, I-Ching Chen
With the booming development of cross-border e-commerce, platform competition has intensified, and service quality centered on "e-commerce politeness" has become a core competitive factor. However, existing research on e-commerce politeness in the cross-border toy category is insufficient. This study aims to explore the critical incidents affecting TEMU users’ satisfaction and dissatisfaction, and clarify the mechanism of e-commerce politeness on user experience. Adopting the Critical Incident Technique (CIT) and purposive sampling, 240 user reviews (Jan 2023 - Jun 2025) were collected and categorized. Results show that scenario adaptability and product usefulness are the top drivers of satisfaction, accounting for 58% and 19% respectively, followed by product quality (15%), while educational implications and logistics services contribute the least. In contrast, consistency with commitment (43%) and product quality (31%) are the primary causes of dissatisfaction, with packaging protection ranking next (16%), and logistics services and cost-effectiveness being the least influential. Notably, product quality is a common key factor affecting both experiences. This research enriches the academic discourse on cross-border e-commerce by revealing the multi-dimensional impact of e-commerce politeness, and provides practical implications for governments, platforms, and merchants to optimize services, enhance user trust, and strengthen competitiveness in the global toy market.
Dr. Subal Chandra Das
Gender-based violence (GBV) is a pervasive human rights violation that affects millions of women worldwide, leading to devastating physical and mental health consequences. This research paper examines the multifaceted impact of GBV on women's health, focusing on both the immediate and long-term effects of violence. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature, this study explores the physical and mental health outcomes of GBV, the mechanisms through which violence affects health, and the barriers to seeking help and support. The physical health impact of GBV includes immediate injuries such as bruises, cuts, fractures, and internal trauma, as well as chronic conditions like chronic pain, musculoskeletal disorders, and reproductive health issues. Furthermore, GBV is associated with profound mental health consequences, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and suicidal behaviour. The paper also delves into the physiological and psychological mechanisms underlying the development of health outcomes among survivors of GBV, including stress responses, trauma processing, and social isolation. Barriers to seeking help and support among survivors of GBV, such as stigma, fear of retaliation, and financial dependence, are identified and discussed. The paper concludes with recommendations for policy and practice, emphasizing the importance of strengthening legal and policy frameworks, enhancing healthcare provider training, and providing comprehensive support services for survivors of GBV. Understanding the impact of GBV on women's physical and mental health is crucial for developing effective prevention and intervention strategies to address this global public health issue.
Adugbole Kehinde Felix, Maureen Njideka Kehinde
This research examines the concept of inclusive leadership in advancing diversity in the Nigerian tech industry in relation to the following three objectives: determining the current status of workplace diversity, exploring barriers to inclusive leadership, and analysing the influence of inclusive leadership on employee engagement. A qualitative design was employed in which semi-structured interviews were held with 15 professionals recruited purposely in a range of positions in the Nigerian tech industry, such as tech leads, software developers, and financial analysts. The research demonstrates an increasing meritocratic culture in technology firms, where skills and contributions are valued above demographic factors, but gender and ethnic disparities and infrastructural issues are also major concerns. The results show that inclusive leadership has a positive impact on employee engagement, leading to increased collaboration, mutual respect, and innovation. The recommended practices include revising diversity policies and adopting proactive recruitment approaches, providing leadership training, promoting flexible working arrangements, and implementing mentorship initiatives. The research contributes to understanding diversity and inclusion in Nigeria’s tech sector and suggests areas for further research, such as the long-term impact of inclusive leadership and cross-sector comparative studies.
Dr. Edward Djamome
In the evolved and recent service economy, customer experience has become a crucial point of differentiation and an essential lever for organizational success. While many factors contribute to the customer journey, the impact of frontline employees on customer experiences is essential. This paper conducts a multidimensional analysis of the impacts of frontline employee emotional awareness on customer experience. Emotional awareness, a prerequisite of emotional intelligence, represents the ability to effectively recognize and understand one’s own emotions and the emotions of others. This framework suggests that emotional awareness is more than a potential attribute or constructive trait, but rather a significant influence on customer perceptions, satisfaction, and loyalty, which occurs directly or indirectly. By reviewing and synthesizing literature, we examine the key mechanisms influencing emotional awareness, which include authentic emotional expression, emotional contagion, empathetic communication, and service recovery. This analysis finds a relative gap in the literature on this topic by conflating emotional awareness with emotional intelligence broadly or focusing on emotional labor broadly without a fuller exploration of the cognition and affective precursors. In addition, we outline theoretical and practical implications of this work, and suggest that organizations may benefit from a clearer understanding of employee emotional awareness, which could lead to improved, effective approaches to recruitment, training, and organizational culture development. This work contributes to the significant debate in organizations about the potential benefits to organizations from developing emotional awareness of its frontline staff, particularly to provide consistency in quality customer experiences in an increasing competitive environment.
Imaralu Enosa Christopher, Okhionkpamwonyi Osamuyi Famous
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly influencing healthcare education, research, and administrative decision-making, including within tertiary health institutions in developing contexts. In Edo State College of Health Sciences and Technology, AI-driven tools have the potential to enhance medical training, diagnostics, health data management, and institutional efficiency. However, the adoption of AI within health sciences education and practice also introduces ethical, legal, and professional risks, such as data privacy violations, algorithmic bias in clinical decision support, lack of transparency, and challenges to accountability. This article argues that institution-specific and context-aware AI regulation is essential for Edo State College of Health Sciences and Technology to ensure that AI use aligns with professional healthcare standards, patient safety, and public trust. Drawing on academic literature on AI governance, healthcare ethics, and regulatory theory, the article demonstrates that tailored, risk-based regulatory frameworks can support innovation while safeguarding ethical practice. The article contributes to institutional policy discussions by providing a scholarly justification for AI regulation within health sciences and technology education.
Osborn Owusu
In this article, the characteristics and functioning of the pre-Westphalian state system will be examined, detailing its political and diplomatic structures prior to the emergence of modern sovereignty. It provides a conceptual framework that defines state, sovereignty, and international order, underscoring the hierarchical nature of relations, the fusion of religious and political authority, and the flexible territorial boundaries that characterised this period. The article examines mechanisms of governance and diplomacy, such as tributary networks, religious and cultural norms, dynastic marriages, and warfare as a means of conflict resolution. Additionally, it traces the transition from this fragmented medieval order to the emergence of sovereign states, highlighting the impact of the Thirty Years’ War and the Peace of Westphalia (1648) in establishing legal territorial sovereignty and secular diplomacy. By emphasising the historical development of sovereignty, the paper sheds light on the evolution of the international system from a complex, overlapping order to the modern state-centric framework that remains influential today.
Arturo B. Cunanan, Lucy M. Blanco, Marvin M. Abreu, Mary Jane F. Somao-i
This paper presents a conceptual and theoretical framework for an integrated school safety system designed to address persistent safety and accountability challenges in Philippine public schools. The situation regarding students' safety in Philippine public schools has raised issues that are difficult to overlook, as they persist and remain unaddressed. Among other incidents, there have been problems with students getting in and out of the school without proper authorization, violent actions being taken, and even the attendance of students being managed inefficaciously by the administration because of poor monitoring. The manual systems currently in place struggle with errors; they're mainly reactive and mostly isolated from a wider accountability of the institutions. The present paper proposes a theoretical framework for an integrated campus access and attendance management system. The framework is based on the Sociotechnical Systems Theory, Ecological Systems Theory, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and Agile-SCRUM implementation principles. Combining these perspectives results in a multidimensional model that considers school safety not merely as a tech add-on but as a co-produced sociotechnical process that is at the heart of the educational ecosystem, not outside it. The paper presents an argument for transforming school safety and accountability into a holistic approach, where inclusivity, transparency, gender responsiveness, and ethical data governance serve as guiding principles. The framework is in sync with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 4, 9, and 16) and national digital transformation policies. The theoretical design proposed here is a replicable and scalable model for resource-poor educational contexts, thus contributing to the discourse on technology in education, governance, and human security.
Ms. R. Mythreagi
Social media has become a pervasive component of student life, shaping learning behaviors, communication patterns, and emotional well-being. While these platforms promote academic collaboration, knowledge sharing, and peer support, excessive or unregulated use can contribute to mental health challenges, reduced concentration, and declining academic performance. Among Indian university students, social media presents a dual impact—offering valuable educational opportunities while simultaneously posing risks related to distraction, addiction, and psychological stress. Existing literature underscores this complex interplay, emphasizing the need for a balanced understanding of both the benefits and drawbacks. This paper synthesizes prior research on the positive and negative effects of social media on university students, outlines key themes emerging from current studies, and proposes a methodological framework for future empirical investigation. The study further recommends implementing digital literacy programs, strengthening mental health support systems, and formulating institutional policies that promote responsible and productive social media usage.
Dr.Sambhaji B Sawant, Mr. Amar Vinod Chavan
This research paper investigates the multifaceted relationship between gender diversity management (GDM) practices and employee productivity in Pune's hospitality sector. Using a mixed-methods approach with a sample of 68 employees across 12 four-star and five-star hotels, the study examines how institutional policies, workplace culture, and gender-inclusive practices contribute to employee performance metrics, job satisfaction, retention rates, and service delivery quality. The research employed quantitative surveys, qualitative interviews, and productivity data analysis. Key findings reveal that hotels implementing comprehensive gender diversity management programs demonstrate 18-22% higher employee productivity compared to those without structured GDM initiatives. The study identifies critical success factors including mentorship opportunities, equitable compensation practices, flexible work arrangements, and leadership development programs specifically designed for female employees. However, the research also uncovers persistent barriers such as gender pay gaps (average 8-12% disparity), underrepresentation in managerial roles (only 16.3% of middle management), and work-life balance challenges. The paper concludes with actionable recommendations for hospitality organizations to strengthen gender diversity management as a strategic lever for improving organizational performance, employee engagement, and service excellence.
Amadu Alusine Kpaka
Democracy goes beyond periodic elections. It is about strong and effective institutions. This paper examined the role of the judiciary in strengthening democratic governance in Sierra Leone, with a specific focus on the challenges and prospect within Freetown. The Judiciary, as the guardian of constitutionalism, plays a pivotal role in promoting accountability, transparency, and the rule of law. In post-conflict societies such as Sierra Leone, its effectiveness is crucial for consolidating democracy, particularly given the country’s history of civil war, authoritarianism, and institutional fragility. The study employed a descriptive survey design, targeting a population of 400 individuals comprising judges, magistrates, legal practitioners, civil society actors, and citizens within Freetown. A sample of 120 respondents was selected using stratified and simple random sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions, and analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings reveal that the Judiciary contributes to democratic governance through constitutional interpretation, adjudication of electoral disputes, and protection of citizens’ rights. However, persistent challenges undermine its effectiveness, including political interference, inadequate resources, delay in case processing, and low public trust due to perceptions of corruption and bias. Despite these obstacles, prospects for strengthening the judiciary exist, including judicial reforms, decentralization of courts, capacity- building initiatives, and greater civic engagement in judicial accountability. This paper concludes that, the judiciary in Sierra Leone has the potential to serve as a cornerstone of democratic consolidation if reforms are implemented to ensure independence, transparent judicial appointments, improved training of legal professionals, and stronger collaboration with civic society to foster accountability.
Oluwadamilola Kemi Adams, Tijani Hakeem
Nigeria’s electoral processes have often been weakened by political disputes. Over time, some politicians in Nigeria have played a leading role in driving disputes through provocative statements, the use of hired thugs, and manipulation of internal party mechanisms. Likewise, the lack of genuine democratic accountability and weak internal regulation within parties has encouraged political leaders to engage in harmful practices that threaten both the fairness of elections and the stability of the nation. This has resulted in repeated episodes of violence before, during, and after elections, thereby posing a consistent danger to Nigeria’s national security. These realities motivated this research titled “The Security Implications of Political Disputes in Nigeria”, which set out to examine how political disputes impact on Nigeria’s security. The study both qualitative and quantitative data. Sampling methods included purposive and simple random techniques, while information was gathered from both primary and secondary sources. The Frustration-Aggression Theory served as the theoretical lens to explain the relationship between political dispute and Nigeria’s security. Key implications identified in relation to political dispute and security included attack on institutions of government, public endangerment, financial precarity and disintegration.
Louis Havugiyaremye
This paper examines the tension between mental age and chronological age in Rwanda’s primary education system and how mismatches between learners’ cognitive readiness and age-based grade placement affect learning outcomes, situating the issue within post-independence education reforms such as the shift from knowledge-based to competency-based curricula, automatic promotion, changes in Primary Six examinations’ style, and the use of double- and single-shift systems. Using a qualitative approach grounded in cognitive and developmental learning theories, the study draws on document analysis and interviews with primary school teachers, students and administrators to examine policy intentions and classroom realities. Results indicate that mismatches between mental and chronological age, compounded by automatic promotion, limited ICT access, and inadequate teacher preparedness, are strongly associated with underperformance and increased dropout risk, while chronological age alone shows only a weak correlation with academic achievement (r = 0.28, p < 0.05).The study concludes that assuming uniform learning pace among same-age learners creates systemic inefficiencies and argues for strengthening early assessment systems, enhancing teacher training in differentiated instruction, and promoting stronger collaboration among schools, parents, and community stakeholders to better align educational practices with learners’ cognitive needs.
Hamida Sharji, Mehrshad Radmehr
This comprehensive research paper examines the transformative potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in bridging the critical financing gap facing Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the Sultanate of Oman. As the nation pursues ambitious economic diversification under Oman Vision 2040, SMEs have emerged as essential drivers of employment, innovation, and GDP growth. Yet these enterprises remain chronically underserved by traditional financial institutions due to persistent information asymmetries, insufficient collateral, and prohibitive transaction costs. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, analyzing regulatory frameworks, financial sector data, and global case studies to construct a viable roadmap for AI adoption in Oman's SME financing ecosystem. The paper identifies key AI technologies—including machine learning, natural language processing, and predictive analytics—and their specific applications in alternative credit scoring, automated underwriting, and dynamic risk monitoring. It further proposes a phased implementation framework addressing Oman's unique institutional context, regulatory environment, and digital infrastructure. Critical challenges including data privacy concerns, algorithmic bias, and human capital development are examined alongside practical policy recommendations. The findings suggest that strategic AI deployment, supported by collaborative public-private initiatives and adaptive regulation, can significantly enhance financial inclusion, optimize risk assessment, and unlock the full economic potential of Omani SMEs, thereby accelerating progress toward Vision 2040 objectives.
Agnaldo de Assunção Cardoso Fernando, Pedro Fernandes Lukeba
Reading is widely acknowledged as a core component of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) pedagogy, particularly in contexts where learners’ exposure to spoken English is limited and written texts represent the main source of language input. Despite its importance, reading instruction has traditionally been dominated by teacher-centred practices such as reading aloud, translation, and post-reading comprehension questions, which often emphasise decoding and accuracy rather than strategic and metacognitive development (Harmer, 2007, p. 99; Wallace, 2001, p. 21). The main objective of this article is to comparatively examine traditional reading methods and Neil Anderson’s ACTIVE Reading Approach in order to identify their theoretical foundations, pedagogical orientations, and implications for effective EFL reading instruction. Adopting a bibliographical and conceptual research design, the study is based on a critical review and synthesis of seminal and contemporary literature in applied linguistics and reading pedagogy. Key theoretical works on traditional reading instruction and strategy-based approaches were analysed to establish points of convergence and divergence between the two models. The analysis indicates that traditional reading methods provide structural organisation and teacher guidance but tend to treat reading as a product to be tested, offering limited support for learner autonomy and strategic awareness. In contrast, the ACTIVE Reading Approach conceptualises reading as an active and self-regulated process, explicitly integrating strategy instruction, vocabulary development, comprehension monitoring, reading fluency, and self-evaluation (Anderson, 2003, p. 5; Anderson, 2020, p. 3). As a result, ACTIVE reading is more responsive to cognitive and metacognitive dimensions of reading. The article concludes that while traditional reading methods retain pedagogical value, they are insufficient on their own to meet the demands of contemporary EFL pedagogy. Integrating strategy-based principles from the ACTIVE Reading Approach can contribute to more effective, learner-centred, and sustainable reading instruction across diverse educational contexts.
Fouad Nimr Ajeel, Hawraa Jaber Naser, Maryam Salman Sarbod
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are emerging as promising nanomaterials for next-generation energy devices due to their tunable electronic and optical properties. However, optimizing their band gap and charge transport remains a challenge. In this study, we employ density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the influence of Cu dimer doping on the structural, electronic, and optical characteristics of GQDs. Our results show that Cu₂ doping reduces the band gap significantly from 4.130 eV in pristine GQDs to as low as 1.059 eV enabling enhanced electrical conductivity and extended optical absorption into the infrared region. The Cu₂-2 configuration demonstrates the most favorable electronic delocalization and dipole behavior, highlighting its suitability for optoelectronic and energy-related applications. These modifications improve the material’s potential for use in solar energy harvesting, infrared photodetectors, and energy storage devices. This study demonstrates a viable pathway to engineer low-band-gap, highly conductive GQDs for wearable electronics.
Dr Navita Nathani, Dr. Ajit Kumar Singh, Mr. Akshay Dwivedi, Mr. Yashwardhan S. Jain
Natural Dairy The twenty-year-old local dairy, Natural Dairy, situated in Katni, Madhya Pradesh, aimed at switching its operations, the sale of loose milk and curd, to the introduction of packaged products, thus branding or positioning their definition on the same level as the already recognized national brands, Amul, and Sanchi. The strategic change could not overcome the consumer choices, still being centered on the purchasing of loose goods that were presumed to be more cost-effective and could be purchased in bulk. The result of the following price increment of the loose dairy products, which was put in place in the effort to shift the demand shift towards the new packaged products, led to a decrease in both types of products sales.
Wan Fadillah Bin Wan Ahmad
The paper aimed to evaluate workforce skill deficiencies, benchmark project management challenges causing delays, identify organizational and logistical factors influencing IBS adoption, deconstruct management-delay relationships, and compare mitigation strategies in rural Malaysian Borneo contexts. A systematic analysis of qualitative and quantitative studies focusing on rural Sabah and Sarawak was conducted, emphasizing workforce competency, management practices, and delay factors. Findings reveal pervasive local workforce skill gaps, including limited technical knowledge and motivation, compounded by reliance on foreign labour and insufficient training programs. Management challenges such as poor communication, fragmented teams, inadequate supervision, and contract issues significantly contribute to project delays. Logistical constraints, including limited local manufacturing and infrastructure deficits, exacerbate delays and increase costs. Organizational support mechanisms, notably government incentives, training initiatives, and readiness frameworks, are critical yet underutilized in rural settings. Integrating these findings highlights the multifactorial nature of IBS implementation delays, underscoring the need for integrated workforce development and management competency enhancement tailored to rural contexts. The finding informs theoretical frameworks and practical interventions aimed at improving IBS project delivery and reducing delays in Sabah and Sarawak’s rural construction sectors.