Acid Pollution in Aquatic Systems- Sources, Impacts, Mitigation, And Emerging Trends

Abstract

Acid pollution in aquatic environments is a major global challenge caused by natural and anthropogenic sources. The lowering of pH destabilizes biogeochemical cycles, mobilizes toxic metals, disrupts biodiversity, and threatens human health. This review synthesizes recent literature (2015-2025) on the causes, ecological and human impacts, mitigation technologies, and emerging solutions to acid pollution in aquatic systems. The discussion highlights acid mine drainage (AMD), industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and atmospheric deposition as major contributors. Traditional treatments such as neutralization and constructed wetlands are compared with novel approaches including bioremediation, adsorption, membrane distillation, and resource recovery. Case studies and recent advances are evaluated to understand their sustainability, scalability, and economic feasibility. Finally, emerging research trends such as artificial intelligence-driven monitoring, circular economy approaches, and hybrid remediation strategies are outlined to inform future policy and research priorities.