Design of a Real-Time Monitored Aquaponics System for Sustainable Agriculture and Enhanced Food Security

Abstract

Sustainable food production has become a global necessity as communities confront challenges related to food security, resource limitations, and environmental degradation. Aquaponics, an integrated system combining aquaculture and hydroponics, offers a sustainable model for resource-efficient farming. However, maintaining water quality is critical to system performance, as imbalances directly affect both fish and plant health. The objective of this research was to design and implement a smart aquaponics system equipped with real-time monitoring to ensure optimal growing conditions while remaining accessible and cost-effective for small-scale and community use. The system was developed using an ESP32 microcontroller integrated with pH, turbidity, temperature, and water-level sensors. Data collection and visualization were managed through the Blynk mobile application, enabling continuous monitoring, one-second data updates, and automated notifications when parameters exceeded predefined thresholds. A prototype aquaponics system was constructed consisting of catfish (Siluriformes) and siow pai-tsai (Chinese cabbage) plants to evaluate system performance. Experimental results demonstrated consistent sensor performance with calibration deviations below ±1%, confirming stable real-time responsiveness. The monitored aquaponics system-maintained water quality within optimal ranges (pH 6–8, turbidity <10 NTU, temperature 27–33°C), supporting improved biological outcomes. Compared with the unmonitored system, fish highlighted greater growth performance (11.5 cm to 13.5 cm versus 11.0 cm to 12.4 cm), and plants revealed more robust development (2.5 cm to 4.8 cm versus 2.4 cm to 3.6 cm). The integration of IoT-based monitoring enhanced productivity, reduced risk of system failure, and demonstrated cost-effectiveness in construction and operation. In conclusion, the developed system highlights the potential of IoT integration in aquaponics as a practical and scalable approach to advancing sustainable agriculture and strengthening community food security. Its affordability and adaptability reinforce its relevance for education, research, and community-based farming initiatives.