Impacts of Teaching and Learning Resources on Students’ Academic Achievements in Different Subjects in Public Secondary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya

Abstract

Education plays a central role in national development, with teaching and learning resources forming the core inputs that shape students’ academic outcomes. Despite students entering secondary schools in Nairobi County with strong Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) performance, some continue to record declining achievement in the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE). This study examined the influence of material resources, physical facilities, and human resources on students’ academic achievements in public secondary schools in Nairobi County. A descriptive survey design was employed, targeting a principal, teachers, and students from a selected public secondary school. Data were collected using questionnaires and document analysis, and analyzed through descriptive statistics. Findings revealed that while some teaching and learning materials were available, most were insufficient or overstretched due to increased enrollment linked to the 100% transition policy. Physical facilities—including laboratories, libraries, and sanitation resources—were inadequate and in poor condition. Human resource shortages further contributed to high teacher workloads and limited curriculum coverage. The study concludes that inadequate teaching and learning resources significantly influence students’ academic performance. It recommends increased government funding, improved teacher staffing, investment in physical facilities, and greater adoption of professional development programs to enhance instructional quality. Strengthening monitoring and evaluation mechanisms is also essential to ensure effective and accountable utilization of educational resources.