Research Methodology for Passive Energy-Saving Design Strategies Buildings for Cold Climate Regions in China

Abstract

Passive and high-performance buildings consistently outperform conventional designs in energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and long-term economic value, particularly in cold-climate regions. Yet, adoption across northern China remains uneven despite strong policy support. This study examines Zhangjiakou as the primary target region and uses Chengde, Harbin, and Xi’an as comparative cases to assess the transferability and cost-effectiveness of passive design strategies within local construction and climatic conditions. Persistent gaps remain between policy ambition and practical cost planning, including perceived capital expenditure (CAPEX) premiums, uncertain operational expenditure (OPEX) savings, and inconsistent replacement cycles. To address these barriers, this paper outlines a research methodology for developing and validating an integrated Elemental + Life-Cycle Cost (ECA + LCC) Model as a decision-support tool for feasibility analysis. The methodology combines Elemental Cost Analysis with forty-year Life-Cycle Costing and is structured using Saunders’ Research Onion, a pragmatic–post-positivist philosophy, and Design Science Research (DSR) complemented by Model Verification and Validation (V&V). Case studies from the three comparative regions calibrate the model and assess its transferability to Zhangjiakou. Data collection includes structured document review, expert consultation, and validation. The resulting methodological framework provides a transparent and replicable basis for quantifying cost–performance relationships at the elemental level, supporting feasibility evaluation, cost optimisation, and strategic decision-making for passive-design implementation in China’s cold-climate construction sector.