Democratising Engineering Education through Consumer Technology: QR Code-Based Automation Learning in Resource-Constrained Malaysian Institutions

Abstract

Educational equity in STEM fields remains a critical challenge for developing economies participating in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. This study systematically characterises QR code parameters for reliable detection in low-cost automation systems. The investigation used an ESP32-CAM-based package sorting platform representative of Malaysian educational laboratory capabilities. Multi-dimensional experimentation across code sizes (3×3 cm to 6×6 cm), scanner positioning heights (12.5 - 20.5 cm), and orientation angles (0°- 60°) established evidence-based implementation guidelines. Results from 30 experimental runs revealed that larger codes (6×6 cm) achieved 100% recognition success at optimal heights (12.5 - 16.5 cm), while smaller codes (3×3 cm, 4×4 cm) demonstrated substantially lower success rates. Educational evaluation with 31 participants showed 20% average improvement in automation concept mastery, with 61.3% reporting increased STEM interest following hands-on interaction. The QR code-based system demonstrated low implementation costs (RM 768.25/USD 62 per laboratory station) using standard office equipment and basic camera modules, making automation education accessible within typical Malaysian institutional budgets. These findings demonstrate that strategic technology selection leveraging consumer familiarity can overcome resource constraints traditionally limiting developing economy students’ access to hands-on engineering education, supporting Malaysia's Industry 4.0 workforce development goals while providing frameworks applicable across ASEAN contexts.