Development and Evaluation of PARBIS: A Parent-Guided Augmented Reality Behavioral Intervention System for Children with ADHD

Abstract

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) presents persistent challenges in home environments where children are required to follow instructions, complete routines, and regulate emotions with limited external structure, making consistent parent-mediated behavioral intervention difficult to sustain. This study presents the development and evaluation of PARBIS, a Parent-Guided Augmented Reality Behavioral Intervention System designed to support home-based behavioral routines for children with ADHD by integrating augmented reality (AR) guidance, structured caregiver prompts, and automated behavioral analytics. PARBIS targets three core behavioral domains—instruction-following, task completion, and emotional regulation—using standardized, step-based AR-guided routines implemented in a mobile application. A design-and-development research approach was employed, incorporating user-centered system design, expert validation, parent–child usability testing, and analysis of system-generated behavioral data collected during real-world home use. Results demonstrated high routine completion rates, low redirection frequencies, and consistently high success scores across intervention sessions. Descriptive statistical analysis indicated stable behavioral engagement, while inferential analysis revealed significantly higher performance in calm-down and instruction-following routines compared to task completion routines (p < 0.05). Longitudinal analytics further showed sustained engagement across repeated sessions, indicating that performance gains were not solely attributable to novelty effects. These findings demonstrate that PARBIS is a feasible, usable, and data-driven parent-guided AR intervention platform that enhances behavioral engagement and consistency in home settings. By preserving caregiver agency while leveraging immersive visual scaffolding and objective analytics, PARBIS offers a novel and scalable approach to home-based behavioral support for children with ADHD.