Natural Gas and Energy Transition Goals: A Comparative Policy Analysis

Abstract

This study assesses natural gas as a transitional fuel in the U.S., Norway, and Nigeria, comparing developed and emerging contexts. Using a policy coding framework, it evaluates regulatory strength, fiscal incentives, institutional effectiveness, and environmental performance. Results reveal governance disparities: the U.S. and Norway exhibit high efficiency and strong environmental controls, while Nigeria’s reforms face infrastructural and institutional constraints. Findings highlight that effective energy transition relies on robust regulation, enforcement, and integrated policy.