Validating a Design Thinking Learning Model for Developing IoT Projects through Expert Evaluation

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) connects sensors, embedded devices, and digital platforms to enable intelligent interactions between people and their environments. Engaging students in IoT projects exposes them to authentic challenges where programming, data analysis, and system design converge. However, many educators struggle to guide learners from design to functional prototypes. The absence of validated pedagogical models that link creative ideation with technical implementation continues to limit the effectiveness of IoT education. This study proposes an initial validated learning model for developing Internet of Things (IoT) projects through a Design Thinking (DT) approach. The model integrates DT principles with the Initiator-Before-In-After (IBIA) teaching sequence and the Flex blended-learning structure. Expert judgment was used to validate the class activities for both lecturers and students based on the proposed conceptual model for developing IoT Projects through DT approach. Six experts specialising in DT, learning innovation, and IoT education evaluated the model using the Content Validity Index (CVI) and the Content Validity Ratio (CVR), complemented by qualitative feedback. Quantitative analysis determined the model’s content validity, while thematic interpretation of expert comments informed refinements to strengthen instructional relevance.