Ethical Dilemmas, Reward Systems, and Employees Performance: A Primary Study in Higher Education

Abstract

This study examines the interplay between ethical dilemmas, reward systems, and employee performance in higher education institutions. To address previous limitations, this version integrates clearer empirical specificity, comparative insights across institutions and faculty levels, and illustrative vignettes based on real ethical challenges. A mixed-method explanatory sequential design has been strengthened with detailed sampling strategies, justification of sample sizes, and culturally grounded theoretical integration. Findings show that justice perceptions significantly mediate the effects of ethical dilemmas and reward systems, while ethical leadership and ethics training moderate these relationships. Integrating Western theories with Islamic ethical paradigms provides deeper cultural relevance, particularly for Islamic-based higher education. This refined version enhances conceptual clarity, empirical depth, and practical applicability.