Enhancing Quality and Employability in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET): Bridging Skill Gaps and Integrating Digital Innovations for Sustainable Development

Abstract

Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) plays a vital role in workforce development and sustainable economic growth globally. This review examines challenges affecting TVET quality and employability, including skill gaps, curriculum and teaching limitations, institutional barriers, and prevalent perception issues. It highlights the increasing integration of digital innovations such as augmented reality and digital pedagogy, alongside Industry 4.0 competencies, to address these challenges. The review synthesizes strategies for enhancing TVET quality through curriculum reform, industry collaboration, digital pedagogy enhancement, and enrollment interventions. Furthermore, it emphasizes TVET's contribution to sustainable development goals through the embedding of green skills and its positive impact on employment outcomes. The findings underscore the need for coherent policy frameworks aligning TVET with evolving labor markets and sustainability priorities to foster inclusive growth and workforce readiness.