Policy Innovations for Sustainable Aggregates: Maharashtra’s M-Sand Strategy in a Global Context

Abstract

The global construction industry’s reliance on riverbed sand has precipitated environmental crises, including river ecosystem degradation and resource depletion. Maharashtra, India, introduced a pioneering M-Sand (Manufactured Sand) policy through Government Resolutions (GRs) dated 23 May 2025 and 17 July 2025 to address these challenges. This review synthesizes the policy’s scientific, environmental, and regulatory dimensions, emphasizing M-Sand’s role as a sustainable alternative to natural sand. Aligned with Indian Standards (IS 383:2016, IS 1542:1992), the policy enforces quality control, digital tracking via the “Mahakhanij” platform, and environmental compliance through water conservation and waste recycling. Comparative analyses with policies in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, and global benchmarks (e.g., Australia, UK) highlight Maharashtra’s innovative approach. The policy reduces riverbed mining, promotes circular economy principles, and aligns with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 11, 12, and 15. Challenges, including water-intensive production and institutional bottlenecks, are evaluated alongside opportunities for AI-driven monitoring and blockchain-based transparency. This review positions Maharashtra’s M-Sand policy as a scalable model for sustainable construction material management, with implications for global resource governance.